Justicia, equidad y eficiencia para el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y el Protocolo de Nagoya: Análisis de un roedor, un caracol, una esponja y un virus
| Autor | Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA) |
| Páginas | 427-488 |
L A R L F D C P U A
P E L C C A
N CC I I
Justicia, equidad y eficiencia para el Convenio
sobre la Diversidad Biológica y
el Protocolo de Nagoya:
Análisis de un roedor, un caracol, una esponja y un virus*
Fairness, Equity and Efficiency
for the Convention on Biological Diversity
and the Nagoya Protocol:
Analysis of a Rodent, a Snail, a Sponge and a Virus
Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA) / Peruvian Society for Environmental Law
e ABS Capacity Development Initiative
http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/lex.v21i31.2483
Parte 2
Lex
* Esta investigación fue publicada por la Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA ) el 20/11/2021.
LEX FACULTAD DE DERECHO Y CIENCIA POLÍTICA
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LEX N° 31 - AÑO XXI - 2023 - I / ISSN 1991-1734
Appendices
Appendix I
Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Anna Deplazes-Zemp
Figure 1. Naked mole-rat
Credits: Josh More / ickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Brief history
e naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is
a remarkable species of rodent that is ende-
mic to East Africa (Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia
and Djibouti). e species owes its name to
the lack of hair and resemblance to rats yet
with a mode of life more like that of moles
(Honeycutt, 1992). Naked mole-rats have a
social structure more typical of the class In-
secta rather than Mammallia. ey live in
extended underground tunnel systems in
colonies, which number on average 75-80
individuals with one reproductive female and
a few reproductive males. Other members of
the colonies fulll various worker functions
(Honeycutt, 1992; J. Jarvis, U.M. & Sher-
man, 2002; J. U. M. Jarvis, 1981). Naked
mole-rats are exceptional not only for their
social organization but also for their physio-
logy. ey are the only known cold-blooded
mammals. ey exhibit longevity, resistance
to cancer, hypoxia-tolerance and pain insen-
sitivity (Lagunas-Rangel & Chávez-Valencia,
2017; Mulatu, 2018; Schuhmacher, Husson,
& Smith, 2015; Ewan ST. J. Smith, 2019).
e combination of outstanding features
makes the species a promising object for
pharmaceutical research.
Utilization of DSI
e order Rodentia is well studied. What
makes Heterocephalus glaber so fascinating is
the set of questions regarding the evolution
of its exceptional traits. How did mammalian
biology and biochemistry evolve such fea-
tures? Comparison of the genetic sequences
of the naked mole-rat – captured under the
placeholder “digital sequence information”
(“DSI”) – with those of other species is a wi-
dely used vehicle to answer such questions.
Research has been facilitated since publica-
tion of the whole genome (Fang et al., 2014;
Keane et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2011) which
is available on Genebank (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih. gov/nuccore/AFSB00000000) as
well as other databases.
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LEX N° 31 - AÑO XXI - 2022 - II / ISSN 1991-1734
JUSTICIA, EQUIDAD Y EFICIENCIA PARA EL CONVENIO SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA Y EL PROTOCOLO
DE NAGOYA: ANÁLISIS DE UN ROEDOR, UN CARACOL, UNA ESPONJA Y UN VIRUS)
Studies based on genetic sequences span elds
from ecology to physiology (Da Silva, Tomas-
co, Homann & Lessa 2009, Schuhmacher,
Callejo, Srivats & Smith 2018). e com-
parisons of sequences of the whole genome
(Kim et al., 2011; MacRae et al., 2015) allow
exploration of dierences in gene expression,
i.e. activated in specic situations (e.g. Bens
et al., 2018). e comparisons can also be in-
teresting for the analysis of specic genes and
associated proteins that fulll core functions
in mammalian biology. e identication of
genetic dierences provides crucial insight for
understanding of biological processes, inclu-
ding variations that lead to human disease.
For example, the introduction of the mole-
rat version of a gene into a mouse may throw
light on the impact of genetic variants. One
analyzes whether the identied naked mole-
rat sequence is sucient to induce the altered
biological processes in rat or human cells. Such
an approach has enhanced understanding of
acid-induced pain, for which naked mole-rats
show exceptional insensitivity (Schuhmacher
et al., 2018; E. S. J. Smith et al., 2011). e
cancer resistance and longevity of the naked
mole-rat have also been widely studied using
genetic sequences for comparative genomic
and gene expression analysis (e.g Hilton et al.,
2019; Keane et al., 2014). e cancer resis-
tance is often studied by expressing wild type
or mutated versions of naked mole-rat genes
in cultured naked mole-rat cells or those of
other species (e.g. Seluanov et al., 2009; Tian
et al., 2013).
Conservation status and distribution
e naked mole-rat is found in central Ethio-
pia, northern and eastern Kenya, throughout
most of Somalia and in southern Djibouti
(Maree & Faulkes, 2016)). ey live in arid
and hot areas with low or irregular rainfall
(Maree & Faulkes, 2016). e Red List of
reatened Species of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN Red List)
classies the naked mole-rat as a species of
“least concern” (Maree & Faulkes, 2016). e
species is common and currently not threate-
ned. However, where naked mole-rat territory
overlaps with agricultural areas, conicts arise:
the animals eat root vegetables such as cassava
and sweet potatoes. In view of the population
growth and concomitant agricultural expan-
sion into the habitat of naked mole-rat, pest
control measures could threaten the species in
the future (Wale, Kassie, & Fekensa, 2016).
Figure 1. Naked mole-rat concentration and general
geographic distribution
Distribution of Heterocephalus glaber in the horn of
Africa, presence of NMR represent by red dots. https://
d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/46 0625628d0b1411
512f50d25027df31bd8435bb/18-Figure5-1.png
Credits: Maree & Faulkes, 2016.
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