Jurisprudencia sobre inexistencia del negocio o acto jurídico (Colombia)

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Autor	Jhoni Shang Castilla Colquehuanca
Páginas	232-278

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∀2! +=+04(,! 6∃−&24+/3/+47! +−! +#0/&4(! 8+2&4(/,! 3∗+#! 0&+/4∃#!

#>3−&0∃#!#∗%#&∋&∃/&∃#!2(!#+!#(−&0&4∃/(2!#(%/+!−∃!%∃#+!∋+!∗2∃!

756!

3/+5&∃! ∋+0−∃/∃0&72! ∋+! &2+Γ+20&∃! ∋+! −(#! ∃04(#! ≅∗/∆∋&0(#!

0∗+#4&(2∃∋(#,!4(∋∃! 5+ 4∃−!&2+Γ+20&∃!;∃!1∃%∆∃!#&∋(!

∋+0−∃/∃∋∃!6+∋&∃24+!#+24+20&∃!+≅+0∗4(/&∃∋∃Β!

.(/#&(27! −(#! ∋(0∗6+24(#! ∋+! Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,!

0(24+24&5(#! ∋+! −∃! #∗3∗+#4∃! 5(−∗24∃∋! ∋+! π∗&−−+/6(!

γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!∃0+/0∃!∋+!−∃!∋(#&0&72! ∋+! ∋&2+/(#! ;! +−!

#+ε∃−∃6&+24(! 0(6(! %+2+=&0&∃/&(#! ∋+! ν/∃20(! λ∃5&+/!

η+−:#)∗+π∃−−(! +! Ρ29#! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! 3(/)∗+! 2∃∋∃! ∋+!

+−−(!1∃%∆∃!(0∗//&∋(Β!Χ#∆!#+!≅∗<87!3(/!+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!Ζ∗3+/&(/!

∋+−!./&4(!λ∗∋&0&∃−!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!Ζ∃−∃!ϑ&5&−,!+2!−∃!#+24+20&∃!

∋+! Τ! ∋+! ∋&0&+6%/+! ∋+! ΗΙΙ[,! ;! #+! ∃0+347! +2! +−! =∃−−(!

0(2=∗4∃∋(Β!

Φ(/!−(!6(,! +//7! ∃−!0(20−∗&/!)∗+!η∃−(/+#! ∴∃20(−(6%&∃!

ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+! ∴(−#∃,! 2(! 4+2∆∃! ∃−4+/2∃4&5∃! ∋&24∃!

)∗+!0∗63−&/! −∃!&2#4/∗00&72!∋∃∋∃! 3(/!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!

χ+≅∆∃,!3∗+#!2(!1∗%(!2&28∗2∃!(/∋+2,!0(2#&∋+/∃2∋(!)∗+!−∃!

6∃!Ο?κΑ! =∗+!3(/!&2&0&∃4&5∃!;!0(2! 8/∃2!2+8−&8+20&∃!∋+!

−(#!+63−+∃∋(#!?κΑΠ!∋+!−∃!3∃#&5∃Β!∀#4(,!3/+0∃6+24+,!−−+57!

∃!∋+0−∃/∃/!#∗!&2+Γ+20&∃Β!

]6&4&7!∃3/+0&∃/!−∃!8/∃%∃0&72! 6∃82+4(=72&0∃!∋+! −∃!+#0+2∃!

∋+! −(! (0∗//&∋(! +−! Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,! 4/∃2#0/&4∃! 3(/! −∃!

ν∃−∆∃!π+2+/∃−!∋+!−∃!Ν∃0&72!+−!Ψ!∋+!2(5&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙΗ,!

∋+%&∋∃6+24+!4/∃#−∃∋∃∋∃,!4∃6%&92!∃−−+8∃∋∃!0(6(!3/∗+%∃!∃−!

3−+2∃/&(,! ∋+6(#4/∃4&5∃! ∋+−! 0(63/(6(! 6+24∃−! ∋+!

π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃! ;! ∋+! −∃! 0∗−3∃! (! ∋+#0∗&∋(! ∋+!

η∃−(/+#!∴∃20(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!∴(−#∃,!∃−!1∃%+/!

75∆!

3/(0+∋&∋(! ∃! 4/∃2#=+/&/! −(#! 5∃−(/+#! #&2! 5+/&=&0∃/! −∃#!

0(2∋&0&(2+#!∋+!&20∃3∃0&∋∃∋!∋+!#∗!0−&+24+Β!

∀2! 0(20/+4(,! −∃! &24+/5+20&72! ∋+! λ∗−&∃2∃! Χ//&(−∃! π/(##,!

+63−+∃∋∃! ∋+! −∃! ∋+6∃2∋∃∋∃,! ∃−! 3(2+/! +2! %(0∃! ∋+−!

2(2∃8+2∃/&(! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! =/+24+! ∃! −∃#!

/+#3∗+#4∃#! &20(1+/+24+#! +! &−78&0∃#! )∗+! ∋∃%∃! #(%/+! −∃!

∋/&%∗0&72!∋+!#∗!∋&2+/(,!−(!)∗+!#+!)∗+/∆∃!)∗+!∋&≅+/∃Λ!;!∃−!

∃2∗20&∃/!∗2∃#!0∃/4∃#! 0(2! #∗!1∗+−−∃!;!=&/6∃! ∃! /∗+8(! ∃24+!

2(4∃/&(,!)∗&+2!+#4∃/∆∃!3/+#+24+,!6∃/8&2∃2∋(!+2!0∃−&∋∃∋!∋+!

4+#4&8(! ∃! λ∃5&+/! η+−:#)∗+

Ο?κΑ!(%5&∃6+24+!λ∃5&+/! ;!λ∗−&∃2∃!;∃!1∃%∆∃2!0(25+/#∃∋(!

+2!=(/6∃!3/&5∃∋∃!#&2!)∗+!+−!#+ε(/!π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(!−(!

#∗3&+/∃!?κΑΠΒ!

Ρ8∗∃−6+24+,! +−! =/∃86+24(! 0(//+#3(2∋&+24+! ∃! λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋!

χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+

6+20&(27,! +2! +−! ∋&:−(8(! 0(2! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,!

0∗∃4/(! 0∃/4∃#! /+−∃0&(2∃∋∃#! 0(2! −∃! +24/+8∃! ∋+! ∋&2+/(#! ∃!

ν/∃20(! λ∃5&+/! η+−:#)∗+

#&+2∋(!)∗+,!#+8>2!−∃!+24/+5∃!+2!−∃! 6∃ε∃2∃!0(2!λ∗−&∃2∃!

Χ//&(−∃! π/(##,! +#4(! ∋+%∆∃! 1∃0+/#+! ∗2∃! 5+

6(,!∃−! &2(%#+/5∃/! )∗+! (6&4&7! −∃! −+04∗/∃! ∋+! −∃! >−4&6∃!

6&5∃!;!2(!∃∋5&/4&7!−∃!=&/6∃!∃!/∗+8(,!2&!−∃!1∗+−−∃Β!

Φ/+4&/&7! −(#! 4+#4&6(2&(#! ∃//&6∃∋(#,! ∋+6(#4/∃4&5(#! ∋+! −∃!

2+8−&8+20&∃!(! +−! ∋+#0∗&∋(!∋+!−(#! =∗20&(2∃/&(#!∋+!η∃−(/+#!

7ΧΚ!

∴∃20(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!∴(−#∃,!∃24+#!;!∋∗/∃24+!

−∃!∋&−&8+20&∃!∋+!Θς!∋+!≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΙΗΒ!

∀−!∋+!π&−%+/4(!σ/&%+!Μ(%72,!3/+0∃6+24+!+63−+∃∋(!∋+!−∃!

∋+6∃2∋∃∋∃,! +2! 0∗∃24(! 0(2(0&7! ∃! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(!

χ+≅∆∃!Ο+2!∗2∃!0∃6∃,!+/∃!∗2∃!3+/#(2∃!∋+!+∋∃∋,!Ψς!∃ε(#!3(/!

∃1∆Π,!/+#3(2∋∆∃!0(2!Ο6(2(#∆−∃%(#!Π!+2!−∃#!0(25+/#∃0&(2+#!

)∗+! #(#4∗5(! 0(2! 9−,! ;! #∗3(! ∋+! −(#! #+/5&0&(#! 2(4∃/&∃−+#! ∃!

∋(6&0&−&(,! ∃! 3+4&0&72! ∋+! λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋! χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+

4∃6%&92!(4/(! ∋+!−(#!#∗%∃−4+/2(#! ∋+!η∃−(/+#!∴∃20(−(6%&∃!

ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!∴(−#∃,!3+/(!#&2!/+0(/∋∃/!−∃!/∃<72!3(/!

−∃! 0∗∃−! =∗+/(2! /+01∃

0+/0∃2∃Β!

Κ(! &2∋&0∃∋(! 3(/! λ∗∃2! λ(/8+! Μ∃#072! η&−−∃,! 4&4∗−∃/! ∋+! −∃!

Ν(4∃/&∃! ϑ∃4(/0+! ∋+−! ϑ∆/0∗−(! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! #(%/+! )∗+!

&82(/∃%∃! +−! 4/:6&4+! ∃∋+−∃24∃∋(! +2! −∃! /+#&∋+20&∃! ∋+!

π∗&−−+/6(! γ+4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! 3∗+#! 0(6(! −(! Ο?κΑ! 1+!

6∃2&=+#4∃∋(! ?κΑ! =∗+! #(−&0&4∃∋(! ∃! −∃! ∋(04(/∃! η∃−+20&∃!

0∗∃2∋(! +−−∃! +#4∃%∃! ∃04∗∃2∋(! 0(6(! 2(4∃/&∃! +20∃/8∃∋∃!

?κΑΠΒ!

Κ∃!5+/#&72!∋+!χ∃/∆∃!Ζ((2+/!η∃−+20&∃!χ&/∃2∋∃,!3∗+#!#&!%&+2!

∃0−∃/7! )∗+! #∗! 3/+#+20&∃! +2! +−! ∋(6&0&−&(! ∋+! π∗&−−+/6(!

γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃! =∗+!3(/!∋+−+8∃0&72! ;!2(!0(6(! +20∃/8∃∋∃!

∋+! −∃! Ν(4∃/∆∃! ϑ∃4(/0+! ∋+−! ϑ∆/0∗−(! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! #∗#!

∃=&/6∃0&(2+#!5∃2!+2! 0(24/∃5∆∃! ∋+! −(!+Γ3/+#∃∋(!3(/!λ∗∃2!

.∃5&∋!χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+ +2!3∗24(!∋+!−∃!1∗+−−∃!;!

7Χ4!

∋+!−∃!=&/6∃!∃!/∗+8(,!;!∋+6:#,!2(4:2∋(#+!)∗+!/+#3+04(!∋+!

−(! 5+24&−∃∋(! +2! −∃! 6∃ε∃2∃! ∋+−! Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,! +#4+!

>−4&6(!Ο?κΑ!(0∗−47!&2=(/6∃0&72!)∗+!&63−&0∃%∃!∋&−&8+20&∃!

;!0∗&∋∃∋(!?κΑΠΒ!

∀−!∋&01(!∋+!λ∗−&∃2∃!Χ//&(−∃!π/(##,!&8∗∃−6+24+!=∗20&(2∃/&∃!

∋+!−∃!&24+/3+−∃∋∃,!)∗&+2!0(20∗//&7!∃!−∃!Ν(4∃/∆∃!ϑ∃4(/0+!∋+−!

ϑ∆/0∗−(!∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! #&2!+−!0+/4&=&0∃∋(! ∋+−!69∋&0(!∃0+/0∃!

∋+!−∃!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!∋+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!+Γ&8&∋(!3∃/∃!

+−!+=+04(!+2!(4/(!∋+#3∃01(Λ!;!0(2#4∃47!)∗+!9−!Ο?κΑ!+#4∃%∃!

∃0(#4∃∋(,! −∃! +#3(#∃! ?κΑ! +2! #&−−∃! ∋+! /∗+∋∃#! ?κΑ,! +/∃! ∗2!

0∗∃∋/(! 6∗;! 4/+! 3(/)∗+! +/∃2! −(#! ∋(#! ∃0(#4∃∋(#! +2! −∃!

0∃6∃! ;! ;∃! π∗&−−+/6(! 6∗;! &63+∋&∋(! ?κΑ! ;! 1∃%−∃2∋(! ;!

6∗;!∃28∗#4&∃∋(!?κΑ!2(!#+!3(∋∆∃!3∃/∃/!∋+!−∃!0∃6∃!?κΑΠΒ!

∀−! ∋+! λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋! χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+

6∃2&=+#4∃∋(! #(%/+! −(! (0∗//&∋(! +−! Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,!

0(24/∃#4∃∋(!0(2!+−!0(24+2&∋(!∋+!−∃!8/∃%∃0&72Β!Φ(/!+≅+63−(,!

π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃! 2(!=&/67!2∃∋∃,!3∗+#! −(! 1&∃!

/∗+8(! #∗! +#3(#∃,! 0∗∃−! #+! 1∃%∆∃! ∃0(/∋∃∋(Λ! #∗! 1∗+−−∃! =∗+!

&63∗+#4∃! #&2! 3(∋+/! (3(2+/#+Λ! 3∃/∃! +−! ∋(2+24+! #∆! +/∃!

&63(/4∃24+!−∃! 3/+#+20&∃! ∋+−! ∋∃∋(/! ∋+! −∃! =+! 3>%−&0∃Λ! ;! −∃!

+24/+8∃!∋+!∋&2+/(#!−∃!0(2∋&0&(27!∃!#∗!6∗+/4+Β!∀2!−(!∋+6:#,!

∃−!2(!/+0(/∋∃/!+−!4+#4&8(!−∃!/∃<72!3(/!−∃!0∗∃−!+2!(4/∃!2(4∃/∆∃!

/+01∃

0(2(0&6&+24(#! 69∋&0(#! #(%/+! )∗+! +−! ∋(2+24+! ∋+! −(#!

∋&2+/(#!4+2∆∃!∗2!4∗6(/!+2!+5(−∗0&72!;!2(!∗2!∋+//∃6+Β!

7Χ7!

Κ(! #+ε∃−∃∋(! 3(/! |&−−&∃6! _∃3∃4∃! .∗)∗+,! 3∃/∃! −∃! 93(0∃,!

/+8+24+!∋+!−∃!Ν(4∃/&∃!η+&24&∗2(!∋+−!ϑ∆/0∗−(!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!

+2!0∗∃24(!∋+!6∃2+/∃!∃−8∗2∃! 2+87!+−!4/:6&4+!∋(6&0&−&∃/&(!

&63+4/∃∋(,!3∗+#! #&63−+6+24+!/+)∗&/&7!0(2!+#+!3/(37#&4(!

∗2!0+/4&=&0∃∋(!69∋&0(!#(%/+!+−!3−+2(!∗#(!∋+!−∃#!=∃0∗−4∃∋+#!

∋+! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! Ο?κΑ! 6:#! ∃∗2! 0∗∃2∋(! −∃!

∋&−&8+20&∃! 2(! =∗+! #(−&0&4∃∋∃! 3(/! +−! 6(,! #&2(! 3(/!

4+/0+/(#ΠΒ!

Ν(! ∃3/+0&7! −∃! ∃%∗2∋∃24+! 3/∗+%∃! ∋(0∗6+24∃−,!

3∃/4&0∗−∃/6+24+,! +−! 3/(0+#(! ∋(2∋+! #+! ∋+0−∃/7! −∃!

&2+Γ+20&∃!∋+!−(#!∃04(#!≅∗/∆∋&0(#! +2!0∗+#4&72,!&20−∗&∋∃!−∃!

#+24+20&∃!∋+!Τ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙ[,!+6&4&∋∃!3(/!+−!Μ/&%∗∃−!

Ζ∗3+/&(/!∋+−!./&4(!λ∗∋&0&∃−!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!Ζ∃−∃!ϑ&5&−Β!

∀2! #∗6∃,! +2! #+24&/! ∋+! −(#! /+0∗//+24+#,! −(#! +//(/+#!

+2/(#4/∃∋(#!−−+5∃/(2!∃−! Μ/&%∗2∃−! ∃! 2(! ∋+≅∃/!∋+6(#4/∃∋(,!

+#4:2∋(−(,! )∗+! −∃! +24&∋∃∋! ∋+6∃2∋∃! &20∗63−&7! −(#!

6∆2&6(#! ∋+%+/+#! 0(24/∃04∗∃−+#,! ∃−! ∋(2+/! ∋+! ∗2(#!

∋&2+/(#! %∃≅(! +−! 3/+4+Γ4(! ∋+! ∗2∃! ∃3∃/+24+! +! &2+Γ+24+!

(/∋+2!∋+−!0−&+24+!;!∃−!2(!5+/&=&0∃/!#∗!#∃−∗∋!6+24∃−,!3+#+!∃!

#+/!6∃2&=&+#4(!#∗!∋+4+/&(/(Β!

ΤΒΗΒ!ϑΧγπ]!Ζ∀πσΝ.]!

.+2∗20&∃!5&(−∃∋(#!&2∋&/+04∃6+24+!−(#!∃/4∆0∗−(#!ΘΥ[Υ,!ΘΩΙΤ,!

ΘΩΘΤ!∃!ΘΩΘς,!ΗΤΥΘ,!ΗΤΥΤ!;!ΗΤΥΥ!∋+−!ϑ7∋&8(!ϑ&5&−Λ!ΨΗΗ,!ΨΤΙ!;!

ΨΞΘ!∋+−!ϑ7∋&8(!∋+!ϑ(6+/0&(Β!

Ζ(#4&+2+2! −(#! &63∗82∃24+#! )∗+! +−! Μ/&%∗2∃−! &20∗//&7! +2!

+//(/!∋+!1+01(!∃−!∃3/+0&∃/!−∃#!3/∗+%∃#!∋+6(#4/∃4&5∃#!∋+!−∃!

7Χ5!

/+#3(2#∃%&−&∋∃∋! 0&5&−! +Γ4/∃0(24/∃04∗∃−! ∋+! η∃−(/+#!

∴∃20(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ! ϑ(6&(2∃! ∋+!∴(−#∃Β!∀2! 0(20/+4(,!−∃!

2+8−&8+20&∃! ∋+/&5∃∋∃! ∋+! 4/∃#3∃#∃/! ∗2(#! ∋&2+/(#! ∋+!

3/(3&+∋∃∋!∋+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!#&2!5+/&=&0∃/!)∗+!

#+! +20(24/∃%∃! +2! &20∃3∃0&∋∃∋! 6+24∃−Λ! ;! ∋+! (4/(,! −∃!

0(2∋∗04∃! ∃%∗#&5∃! 0(24/∃! −(#! &24+/+#+#! ∋+! #∗! 0−&+24+,! ∃−!

∋+#3/+0&∃/!−∃!0(2=&∃2

∀2!#∗! ∋+#∃//(−−(,!+5(0∃2! +−!0(24+2&∋(! ∋+−!0∃/8(!3/&6+/(,!

/∃<72! 3(/! −∃! 0∗∃−! #+! 4&+2+! /+3/(∋∗0&∋(! +2! +#4∃!

(3(/4∗2&∋∃∋Β! ∀#3+0∆=&0∃6+24+,! −∃! 4/∃2#0/&30&72! ∋+! −∃!

8/∃%∃0&72!∋+!−(!(0∗//&∋(!+−!Θς!∋+!≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΙΗ,!+2!3∗24(!

∋+!−∃#!0(25+/#∃0&(2+#!+24/+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃!0(2!

λ∗−&∃2∃! Χ//&(−∃! π/(##! ;! λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋! χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+

+63−+∃∋(#!∋+!η∃−(/+#! ∴∃20(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!

∴(−#∃Λ!−(#!4+#4&6(2&(#!∋+!π&−%+/4(!σ/&%+!Μ(%72,!λ∗∃2!λ(/8+!

Μ∃#0(2! η&−−∃,! λ∗−&∃2∃! Χ//&(−∃! π/(##,! λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋! χ+≅∆∃!

π∗4&9//+_∃3∃4∃!.∗)∗+Λ!;!−∃!∃%∗2∋∃24+!3/∗+%∃!

∋(0∗6+24∃−!+2!+−!3/(0+#(!)∗+!0∗−6&27!0(2!−∃!∋+0−∃/∃0&72!

∋+!&2+Γ+20&∃!∋+!−(#!Ο∃04(#!≅∗/∆∋&0(#Π!∋+!∋(#&0&72Β!

Φ∃/∃! −(#! 0+2#(/+#,! +2! +−! 0∃#(! ∋+! 2(! +#4∃/! ∃4∃∋∃! −∃!

&24+/3+−∃∋∃!∃!∗2!0(24/∃4(!∋+!∃∋6&2/∃0&72!∋+!∋&2+/(#,!−∃!

(%−&8∃0&72!∋+!/+3∃/∃/!+6∃2∃%∃!∋+!−∃!∃0/+∋&4∃∋∃!0(2∋∗04∃!

2+8−&8+24+!(!∋+−!∃04(!∃%∗#&5(,!+#4(!>−4&6(,!∃∋+6:#,!=/+24+!

∃−! 3(∋+/! ∋(6&2∃24+! ∋+! −∃#! +24&∋∃∋+#! =&2∃20&+/∃#! (!

%∗/#:4&−+#!∃−!0(24/∃4∃/!0(2!−(#!∗#∗∃/&(#!∋+!#∗#!#+/5&0&(#Β!

ϑ]ΝΖΡ.∀γΧϑΡ]Ν∀Ζ!

7ΧΧ!

∀−!+#4∗∋&(!0(2≅∗24(!∋+!−(#!0∃/8(#!#+!≅∗#4&=&0∃,!3(/)∗+!0(6(!

#+!(%#+/5∃,!+2! 8+2+/∃−,!∃6%(#!∋+2∗20&∃2! −∃! 0(6&72!∋+!

−(#!6(#!+//(/+#!3/(%∃4(/&(#,!/∃<72!3(/!−∃!0∗∃−!#+!#&/5+2!

∋+! 0(2#&∋+/∃0&(2+#! 0(6∗2+#,! &2∋+3+2∋&+24+6+24+! ∋+! #&!

−∃#! 0&/0∗2#4∃20&∃#! )∗+,! +2! #+24&/! ∋+! −(#! /+0∗//+24+#,! #+!

+20∗+24/∃2! ∋+%&∋∃6+24+! ∃0/+∋&4∃∋∃#,! 0(2=&8∗/∃2! −∃!

/+#3(2#∃%&−&∋∃∋!∃−+8∃∋∃,!−∃!0(24/∃04∗∃−,!+2!+−!3/&6+/(,!(!−∃!

+Γ4/∃0(24/∃04∗∃−,!+2!+−!#+8∗2∋(Β!

Ζ+! 3/+0∃,! #&2! +6%∃/8(,! 5∃/&∃#! 3/+4+2#&(2+#! =∗+/(2!

3−∃24+∃∋∃#!0(24/∃!η∃−(/+#!ϑ(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!

∴(−#∃,!∗2∃#!∋&/&8&∋∃#!∃!(%4+2+/!−∃!&2+Γ+20&∃!(!2∗−&∋∃∋!∋+!

−(#!Ο∃04(#!≅∗/∆∋&0(#Π!∋+!∋(#&0&72!∋+!∋&2+/(#!/+∃−&

+−! Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ! 3(/! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,!

=∃−−+0&∋(,! ∃! =∃5(/! ∋+! ν/∃20(! λ∃5&+/! η+−:#)∗+

Ρ29#! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! 0(2! #∗#! 0(2#+0∗+24+#Λ! ;! (4/∃#,!

+20∃∗∃−!3∃8(!∋+! 3+/≅∗&0&(#,! 3+/(! ∃! 3∃/4&/! ∋+!−∃!;∃!

∋+0−∃/∃∋∃!≅∗∋&0&∃−6+24+!&2+Γ+20&∃Β!

∀2! 2&28∗2∃! ∋+! −∃#! ∃0∗#∃0&(2+#! #+! 0(2=∗4∃2! −∃#! /∃

%−∃2∋&∋∃#! 3(/! +−! ∃∋Ε)∗+6! 3∃/∃! 2+8∃/! −∃#! #>3−&0∃#!

/+−∃0&(2∃∋∃#!0(2!−∃!∋+0−∃/∃0&72!∋+! &2+Γ+20&∃!(!2∗−&∋∃∋!

∋+! −(#! Ο∃04(#! ≅∗/∆∋&0(#Π! +2! 0∗+#4&72,! #+8∗/∃6+24+,! 3(/!

0∗∃24(! −(#! 0+2#(/+#! 3+/0∃4∃/(2! )∗+! +−! #+24+20&∃∋(/! 2(!

3∃#7!3(/!∃−4(!(%#+/5∃/!)∗+!+#(#!4+6∃#!=∗+/(2!(%≅+4(! ∋+!

≅∗<8∃6&+24(Β!

∀#3+0∆=&0∃6+24+,! +2! +−! 3/(0+#(! &20(∃∋(! 3(/! ∀−∃! χ∃/∆∃!

η+/8∃/∃! ∋+! γ+#4/+3(! 0(24/∃! ν/∃20(! λ∃5&+/! η+−:#)∗+

7ΧΒ!

π∃−−(!+!Ρ29#! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! ∋(2∋+!+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!Ζ∗3+/&(/!

∋+−! ./&4(! λ∗∋&0&∃−! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! Ζ∃−∃! ϑ&5&−,! 6+∋&∃24+!

#+24+20&∃!∋+!Τ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙ[,! ∃−!6(∋&=&0∃/! +−!=∃−−(!

∋+!ΗΗ!∋+!=+%/+/(!∋+!ΗΙΙΞ,!+6&4&∋(!3(/!+−!λ∗<8∃∋(!Φ/&6+/(!

ϑ&5&−!∋+−!ϑ&/0∗&4(!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!#∗#4&4∗;7!−∃!∋+0−∃/∃0&72!∋+!

2∗−&∋∃∋!∃%#(−∗4∃!3(/!−∃!∋+!&2+Γ+20&∃,!;!∋+≅7!+2!=&/6+!−∃!

0(2∋+2∃!&63∗+#4∃!∃!−(#!%+2+=&0&∃/&(#!∋+!−(#!∋+37#&4(#,!+2!

+−! #+24&∋(! ∋+! /+#4&4∗&/−(#! ∃! −∃! #∗0+#&72! ∋+! π∗&−−+/6(!

γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃Β!

.+! ∃1∆,! #(%/+! −∃! %∃#+! ∋+! #+/! 0&+/4(! −(! ∃24+/&(/,! −(#!

&63∗82∃24+#,! +2! +−! 0(24+Γ4(,! ∃0+34∃2! −∃! ∋+0&72!

∃%#(−∗4(/&∃,! ∃∗2)∗+! 3∃/0&∃−6+24+,! 3∗+#4(! )∗+,! 0(6(! −(!

&2∋&0∃2,!−(#!(4/(#!3+∋&6+24(#!2(!#+!#∗#4+24∃/(2!+2!∋&01∃!

&2+Γ+20&∃,! 0(2#&∋+/∃2∋(! )∗+! #∗! ∋+0−∃/∃4(/&∃! ;∃! 1∃%∆∃!

#&∋(!3/(2∗20&∃∋∃!+−!Ο?κΑ!Τ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙ[,!3(/!+−!φΒ!

Μ/&%∗2∃−! Ζ∗3+/&(/! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! Ζ∃−∃! ϑ&5&−,! 6+∋&∃24+!

#+24+20&∃!∋+%&∋∃6+24+!+≅+0∗4(/&∃∋∃!?κΑΠΒ!

Κ∃!3(−96&0∃,! +24(20+#,! #+!/+∋∗0+!∃! +#4∃%−+0+/!#&!/+#3+04(!

∋+! −∃#! #>3−&0∃#! )∗+! #+! ∋&0+! ∋+%&+/(2! #∃−&/! ∃5∃24+,! +−!

≅∗<8∃∋(/!#+!+)∗&5(07,!∋+!∗2∃!3∃/4+,!∃−!∋+≅∃/!3/(%∃∋(!)∗+!

−∃! 0(2∋∗04∃! ∋+! η∃−(/+#! ϑ(−(6%&∃! ΖΒΧΒ! ϑ(6&(2∃! ∋+!

∴(−#∃,!#+!#∗3+∋&47!∃!(%+∋+0+/!−∃!&2#4/∗00&72!∗2&−∃4+/∃−!∋+!

π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!+2!+−!#+24&∋(!∋+!∋(2+/!3∃/4+!

∋+!−(#!/+0∗/#(#!)∗+!4+2∆∃!+2!−(#!=(2∋(#!∋+!&25+/#&72!∃!=∃5(/!

∋+!ν/∃20(!λ∃5&+/!η+−:#)∗++!Ρ29#!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃Λ!

;!∋+!(4/(,!∃−!+20(24/∃/!)∗+!+−! 3∃8(!∋+!3+/≅∗&0&(#!2(!4+2∆∃!

7ΧΕ!

6∃2∃24&∃−!+2!+−!Ο#∗3∗+#4(!&20∗63−&6&+24(!∋+−!0(24/∃4(!∋+!

∃∋6&2/∃0&72Π,!2&!+2!−∃!0∗−3∃!+Γ4/∃0(24/∃04∗∃−Β!

Κ(#!+//(/+#!∋+!1+01(!3/(%∃4(/&(#!+2!+−!:6%&4(!0∃#∃0&(2∃−,!

#∗=&0&+24+6+24+!+#!0(2(0&∋(,! #+! ∃#(0&∃2! 0(2! −∃!3/+#+20&∃!

=∆#&0∃!∋+!−∃#!3/∗+%∃#!+2!+−!3/(0+#(,!;∃!∃−!#∗3(2+/#+,!(/∃!∃−!

(6&4&/#+Λ!(!0(2!−∃!=&≅∃0&72!∋+!#∗!0(24+2&∋(!&24/∆2#+0(,!0−∃/(!

+#4:!−∗+8(!∋+!5+/&=&0∃/!#∗!+Γ+20&∃!6∃4+/&∃−,!+2!+−!0∃#(!∋+!

1∃%+/#+! 4+/8&5+/#∃∋(,! +2! −∃#! 6(∋∃−&∋∃∋+#! ∋+! ∃∋&0&72,!

0+/0+2∃6&+24(!(!∃−4+/∃0&72Β!

!Ζ+! +#4/∗04∗/∃2,! +2! 0∗∃−)∗&+/! 1&374+#,! 0∗∃2∋(! #(2!

6∃2&=&+#4(#,! +5&∋+24+#,! 3/(∋∗04(! ∋+−! #&63−+! ;! −−∃2(!

3∃/∃2872!+24/+!−(!5(!(!∋+≅∃∋(!∋+!(4+∃/!3(/!+−!≅∗<8∃∋(/!

;! −∃! 6∃4+/&∃−&∋∃∋! ∗! (%≅+4&5&∋∃∋! ∋+! −(#! 6+∋&(#! ∋+!

0(25&00&72Β! ∀2! ∃∋&0&72,! 0∗∃2∋(! #(2! &20&∋+24+#,!

4/∃#0+2∋+24+#,! 5∃−+! ∋+0&/,! +2! −∃! 6+∋&∋∃! )∗+! 1∃;∃2! #&∋(!

∋+4+/6&2∃24+#! ∋+! −∃! ∋+0&72! =&2∃−,! +2! ∗2∃! /+−∃0&72!

2+0+#∃/&∃!∋+!0∃∗#∃!∃!+=+04(Β!

.+!&8∗∃−!6(∋(,!−∃#!=∃−4∃#!∋+%+2!/+=+/&/#+!∃!0∃∋∃!3/∗+%∃!+2!

3∃/4&0∗−∃/,! 3(/)∗+! #&! 3∃/∃! 5+/&=&0∃/−∃#! #+! ∃0∗∋+! ∃! −∃!

0(2=/(24∃0&72! ∋+! 6+∋&(#,! +−! 3/(%−+6∃! #+/∆∃! ∋+! +=&0∃0&∃!

≅∗/∆∋&0∃,!3∗+#!+#+!0(24/∃#4+!+Γ4/∆2#+0(,!∋&/&8&∋(! ∃!6(#4/∃/!

&20(63∃4&%&−&∋∃∋+#,! 0(20∃4+2∃0&(2+#,! +Γ0−∗#&(2+#! ;!

0(20−∗#&(2+#,!#+! +24/(20∃!0(2!#∗! 5∃−(/∃0&72!+2!0(2≅∗24(,!

+#4(!+#,!0(2!#∗!−+8∃−&∋∃∋Λ!6∃#!2(,!0(2!+−!∃#3+04(!6∃4+/&∃−!∗!

(%≅+4&5(,!6∃/0(!3/(3&(!∋+−!+//(/!∋+!1+01(Β!

7Χ3!

∀2!+#∃!6+∋&∋∃,!3∃#∃!∃!+Γ∃6&2∃/#+!#&!+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!+#!/+(!∋+!

0(24/∃+5&∋+20&∃,!0∗∃2∋(!∋+≅7!#+24∃∋(!)∗+!−∃!0(2∋∗04∃!∋+!

η∃−(/+#!ϑ(−(6%&∃!ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!∋+!∴(−#∃,!∃−!4/∃#−∃∋∃/!

∃!4+/0+/(#!3∃/4+!∋+!−(#!∋&2+/(#!+2!−(#!=(2∋(#!∋+!&25+/#&72,!

2(!4+2∆∃!/+3/(01+,!3∗+#!−∃!+24&∋∃∋!#&63−+6+24+!#+!−&6&47!∃!

(%+∋+0+/!−∃!(/∋+2!∗2&−∃4+/∃−!∋+−!∋+3(#&4∃24+Β!

Ζ+8>2!−(#!0+2#(/+#,!−(!∃#∆!∋+0&∋&∋(!1∃%∆∃!#&∋(!+−!3/(∋∗04(!

∋+! (6&4&/#+! ∃3/+0&∃/! )∗+! #(%/+! +−! 3∃/4&0∗−∃/! 2(! +Γ&7!

2&28∗2∃!5(−∗24∃∋!∋+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!4(∋∃!5+

)∗+!−(!∋(0∗6+24∃∋(!∃−!/+#3+04(!+−!Θς!∋+!≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΙΗ,!=∗+!

∋+0−∃/∃∋(!&2+Γ+24+!+2! −∃! 6+6(/∃∋∃! #+24+20&∃!∋+!Τ! ∋+!

∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙ[,!3/(=+/&∋∃!3(/!+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!Ζ∗3+/&(/!∋+−!

./&4(!λ∗∋&0&∃−!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!Ζ∃−∃!ϑ&5&−Β!

∀2!+#+!0(24+Γ4(,!−(#!+//(/+#!∋+!=∃04(!+2/(#4/∃∋(#!+2!4(/2(!

∃!−∃!∃3/+0&∃0&72! ∋+!−∃!∋(0∗6+24∃0&72!−+5∃24∃∋∃! +−!Θς!∋+!

≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,! 0(24+24&5∃! ∋+! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋! ∋+! π∗&−−+/6(!

γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! ∋&/&8&∋∃! ∃! ∋(2+/! ∋+! ∗2(#! =(2∋(#! ∋+!

&25+/#&72! ∃∋6&2/∃∋(#! 3(/! η∃−(/+#! ϑ(−(6%&∃! ΖΒΧΒ!

ϑ(6&(2∃! ∋+! ∴(−#∃,! +2! =∃5(/! ∋+! ν/∃20(! λ∃5&+/!

η+−:#)∗+

Ζ&! 3∃/∃! −(#! /+0∗//+24+#,! −∃! (/∋+2! ∋+! +24/+8∃! ∋+! −(#!

0(6+24∃∋(#! ∋&2+/(#! +/∃! &2+Γ+24+,! 3(/! ∃#∆! 1∃%+/−(!

∋+0−∃/∃∋(! −∃! ≅∗#4&0&∃,! +#4(! #&82&=&0∃! )∗+! −∃! &2#4/∗00&72!

+=+04&5∃6+24+! =∗+! ∋∃∋∃Β! Κ∃#! =∃−4∃#! ∋+2∗20&∃∋∃#,!

0(2#&8∗&+24+6+24+,! 2(! +#4∃/∆∃2! +2! −∃! ∃3/+0&∃0&72! ∋+! −(#!

∋(0∗6+24(#! )∗+! 0(24+2∆∃2! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋! ∋+! ∋(#&0&72,!

7Χ6!

#&2(!+2!−∃!5∃−(/∃0&72!∋+!−∃!#+24+20&∃!∋+!Τ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!

ΗΙΙ[,! 3/(=+/&∋∃! 3(/! +−! Μ/&%∗2∃−! Ζ∗3+/&(/! ∋+−! ./&4(!

λ∗∋&0&∃−! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! Ζ∃−∃! ϑ&5&−,! 6+∋&∃24+! −∃! 0∗∃−! #+!

∋+0−∃/7!−∃!&2+Γ+20&∃!∋+!−(#!6+24∃∋(#!Ο∃04(#!≅∗/∆∋&0(#ΠΒ!

Χ∋+6:#,! #4/&04(! #+2#∗,! −(#! ;+//(#! ∋+2∗20&∃∋(#! 2(! #+!

/+=&+/+2,! ∃∗472(6∃6+24+,! ∃! −∃! 6∃4+/&∃−&∋∃∋,! 2&! ∃−!

0(24+2&∋(!(%≅+4&5(!∋+!−(#!∋(0∗6+24(#!+−∃%(/∃∋(#!+−!Θς!∋+!

≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΙΗΒ!∀2!−∃!−78&0∃!∋+!−∃!∃0∗#∃0&72!#+!1∃0+2!∋+/&5∃/,!

3/+0∃6+24+,!∋+!−∃!6+24∃∋∃!∋+0&72!≅∗∋&0&∃−Β!

∀63+/(,! 2&28∗2∃! =∃−4∃! ∃−! /+#3+04(! #+! 0(2=&8∗/∃,! 3∗+#! +−!

≅∗<8∃∋(/! 1&

0(20−∗;7!−(!6(!)∗+!∃1(/∃!3/+∋&0∃2!−(#!&63∗82∃24+#,!

5∃−+! ∋+0&/,! )∗+! 0(6(! 0(2#+0∗+20&∃! ∋+−! 0(24/∃4(! ∋+!

∃∋6&2/∃0&72!∋+!∗2(#!5∃−(/+#!+2!−(#!=(2∋(#!∋+!&25+/#&72!

Ζ∗/+24∃! ;! Ζ∗/+24∃! ΤΙ,! #+! 6∃4+/&∃−&<7! −∃! Ο8+#4&72! )∗+!

0∗−6&27! 0(2! +−! ∃04(! )∗+! ∃! −∃! 3(#4/+! =∗+! 0(2#&∋+/∃∋(!

&2+Γ+24+ΠΒ!

Χ1(/∃,!#&! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋!∋+!∋(#&0&72,! +Γ3/+#∃∋∃! +−!Θς!∋+!

≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΙΗ,!=∗+!+≅+0∗4∃∋∃!+−!ΘΨ!∋+!−(#!6(#!6+#!;!∃ε(,!

+#4(!+#,!6∗01(!∃24+#!∋+−!0&4∃∋(!=∃−−(!∋+!Τ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!

ΗΙΙ[,! ∋+#∋+! +#∃! 734&0∃,! ∃−/+∋+∋(/,! 4∃63(0(! #+! 3∗+∋+!

∃0∗#∃/!∃−!∃∋Ε)∗+6!∋+!0(24/∃+5&∋+24+,!3(/)∗+!+2!4∃−!93(0∃!

−∃!∃∗4(/&3∃/∃!4/∃2#=+/&/!−(#!∋&2+/(#! 2(! 1∃%∆∃! #&∋(!

∋+0−∃/∃∋∃!≅∗∋&0&∃−6+24+!&2+Γ+24+Β!

Φ/(0+∋+,!+24(20+#,!+#4∗∋&∃/!#&!+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−,!0∗∃−!#+!∃−+8∃!+2!

+−!0∃/8(! 3/&6+/(,! ∋+#∃0+/47!∃−!6∃/8&2∃/! ∋+!#∗!∃2:−! −∃!

7Χ∆!

/+#3(2#∃%&−&∋∃∋!∋+/&5∃∋∃!∋+−! Ο?κΑ!&20∗63−&6&+24(!(!2(!

3(/!3∃/4+!∋+!−∃!∃00&(2∃∋∃!∋+−!0(24/∃4(!+2!5&/4∗∋!∋+−!0∗∃−!−∃!

6∃! #+! 0(2#4&4∗;7! +2! ∃∋6&2/∃∋(/∃! ∋+! −(#! ∋&2+/(#,!

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∋+0−∃/∃∋(! ≅∗∋&0&∃−6+24+! +2! +#4∃∋(! ∋+! &24+/∋&00&72,! −∃!

(/∋+2!)∗+!∋&(! ∃! η∃−(/+#! ∴∃20(−(6%&∃! ΖΒΧΒ!ϑ(6&(2∃!

∋+! ∴(−#∃,! 3∃/∃! )∗+! 4/∃2#=&/&+/∃! 3∃/4+! ∋+! −(#! 6(#! ∃!

ν/∃20(!λ∃5&+/!η+−:#)∗+γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!+2!

3/&20&3&(,!2(!3(∋∆∃!3(2+/#+!+2!+24/+∋&01(Β!

ϑ(#∃!∋&24∃! +#!)∗+!3+#+!∃!−∃! (%#+/5∃∋∃!3(/!−∃!#(0&+∋∃∋!

∋+6∃2∋∃∋∃! Ο2(4(/&∃! ;! 6∃2&=&+#4∃! ?κΑ! &20∃3∃0&∋∃∋!

6+24∃−Π! ∋+−! 4&4∗−∃/! ∋+! −(#! =(2∋(#! ∋+! &25+/#&72,! 2(! 1∃;∃!

7ΒΒ!

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3/(0+∋+24+#!∋&/&8&∋(#!∃!0(//(%(/∃/−∃Β!

.+#∋+! +#∃! 3+/#3+04&5∃,! 2&28>2! +//(/! 3/(%∃4(/&(! ∃3∃/+0+!

+#4/∗04∗/∃∋(,!3(/!0∗∃24(!+2!+−!#∗#4/∃4(!∋+−!∃/8∗6+24(!#+!

#∗3(2+!1∃%+/#+!∋+#5&/4∗∃∋(! −∃! 3/+#∗20&72!∋+!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!

∋+! +≅+/0&0&(Β! ο! +#(,! 0&+/4∃6+24+,! 2(! +#! ∋∃%−+! =&≅∃/−(! +2!

2&28∗2(!∋+!−(#!6+∋&(#!∋+!0(25&00&72!#&28∗−∃/&

0(24+Γ4(!∋+!−∃!∃0∗#∃0&72Β!

Κ∃!#+24+20&∃! ∋+!Τ!∋+! ∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙ[,!3/(=+/&∋∃!3(/! +−!

Μ/&%∗2∃−! Ζ∗3+/&(/! ∋+! χ+∋+−−∆2,! Ζ∃−∃! ϑ&5&−,! 3(/)∗+! #&2!

3+/≅∗&0&(!∋+!−∃! 5∃−(/∃0&72! 3/(%∃4(/&∃!0(24+2&∋∃!+2!∋&01(!

=∃−−(,! >2&0∃6+24+! ∃0/+∋&4∃,! #+8>2! ∋(04/&2∃! ∋+! −∃! ϑ(/4+,!

Ο?κΑ!#∗!+Γ+20&∃,!3/(0+∋+20&∃,!∋+0&72!;!=+01∃!?κΑΠ!ΞΒ!

ο! −∃#! /∃

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Ο2(4(/&∃!;!6∃2&=&+#4∃!?κΑ!&20∃3∃0&∋∃∋!6+24∃−ΠΒ!

Κ∃! &2+Γ+20&∃,! 3(/! +−! 0(24/∃/&(,! =∗+! ∋+0−∃/∃∋∃! #(%/+! −∃!

+20(24/∃∋∃!&//+8∗−∃/&∋∃∋!+2!+−! 4/:6&4+! 3∃/∃! ∃∗4+24&0∃/! ∃!

∋(6&0&−&(!−∃!=&/6∃!∋+!)∗&+2!∋(2∆∃!∋+!#∗#!∋&2+/(#,!+2!

3∃/4&0∗−∃/,!0∗∃2∋(!+#!/(8∃∋∃Β!

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6+24+Π!∋+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃,!#(2!−(#!49/6&2(#!∋+−!

0&4∃∋(!=∃−−(,!+#!0(#∃!)∗+!+−!≅∗<8∃∋(/!∋+!−∃!93(0∃!2(!3∗#(!+2!

∋∗∋∃,!+2!#∗!#+24&/,!3(/!0∗∃24(!∋∗/∃24+!4(∋(!+−!∋∗//&/!∋+!

+#∃! ∋&−&8+20&∃,! Ο?κΑ! #∗#! /+=−+Γ&(2+#,! #∗#! ∋+#+(#,! #∗!

6+6(/&∃,! #∗#! +Γ3/+#&(2+#! ?κΑΠ,! #&63−+6+24+! ∋∃%∃2!

7ΒΕ!

0∗+24∃!∋+!Ο?κΑ!∗2∃!−&6&4∃0&72!6(4(/∃!∋+!∃−8∗2(#!∋+!#∗#!

6>#0∗−(#! 3∃/∃! −∃! +Γ3/+#&72! (/∃−! 0(2! −&%+/4∃∋! ;! ∃8&−&∋∃∋!

?κΑΠΒ!

Ζ&!%&+2!∗2(#!4+#4&8(#!3∗#&+/(2!∋+!3/+#+24+!+−!∋+4+/&(/(!∋+!

−∃! #∃−∗∋! =∆#&0∃! ∋+! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,! 2&28∗2(!

6+20&(27!+−!+#4∃∋(!∋+!#∗#!=∃0∗−4∃∋+#!3#∆)∗&0∃#Β!

π&−%+/4(!σ/&%+! Μ(%72,! −(!0(2(0&7!Ο+2! ∗2∃!0∃6∃,!+/∃! ∗2∃!

3+/#(2∃! ∋+! +∋∃∋,! Ψς! ∃ε(#! 3(/! ∃1∆Π,! /+#3(2∋∆∃! 0(2!

Ο6(2(#∆−∃%(#ΠΛ! λ∗−&∃2∃! Χ//&(−∃! π/(##,! Ο?κΑ! +#4∃%∃!

∃0(#4∃∋(,! −∃! +#3(#∃! ?κΑ! +2! #&−−∃! ∋+! /∗+∋∃#! ?κΑ,! +/∃! ∗2!

0∗∃∋/(! 6∗;! 4/+! 3(/)∗+! +/∃2! −(#! ∋(#! ∃0(#4∃∋(#! +2! −∃!

0∃6∃! ;! ;∃! π∗&−−+/6(! 6∗;! &63+∋&∋(! ?κΑ! ;! 1∃%−∃2∋(! ;!

6∗;!∃28∗#4&∃∋(! ?κΑ!2(! #+!3(∋∆∃! 3∃/∃/!∋+!−∃!0∃6∃!?κΑΠΛ!

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.∃5&∋!χ+≅∆∃! π∗4&9//+Ο9−!;! #∗!+#3(#∃,!∃6%(#! +2=+/6(#!

+2!#∗!0∃6∃ΠΒ!∀2!2&28∗2∃!3∃/4+,!0(6(!#+!(%#+/5∃,!#+!∃−∗∋+!

∃!−∃!#∃−∗∋!6+24∃−Β!

∀2!−(!∋+6:#,!−(#!6(#!∋+0−∃/∃24+#,!&20−∗#&5+!λ∗∃2!λ(/8+!

Μ∃#072! η&−−∃! ;! |&−−&∃6! _∃3∃4∃! .∗)∗+,! ∃! −∃! #∃<72! −(#!

Ν(4∃/&(#!ϑ∃4(/0+!;!η+&24&∗2(!∋+−!ϑ∆/0∗−(!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!+2!

8+2+/∃−,! 2∃//∃/(2! 0&+/4∃#! 0&/0∗2#4∃20&∃#! ∃24+0+∋+24+#! ;!

0(20(6&4∃24+#,! 3+/(! 0(//+−∃0&(2∃∋∃#! 0(2! −∃! ∋&−&8+20&∃!

2(4∃/&∃−!∃!∋(6&0&−&(!+2!#∆!6∃!0(2#&∋+/∃∋∃Β!

Κ∃! 4/∃2#0/&30&72! ∋+! −∃! 8/∃%∃0&72! 6∃82+4(=72&0∃! ∋+! −(!

(0∗//&∋(!+−!Θς! ∋+! ≅∗−&(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΗ,!/+#3+04(!∋+!−(#! ∋&:−(8(#!

+24/+!π∗&−−+/6(!γ+#4/+3(!χ+≅∆∃!0(2!λ∗−&∃2∃!Χ//&(−∃!π/(##!

7Β3!

;!λ∗∃2! .∃5&∋!χ+≅∆∃!π∗4&9//+ 4∃63(0(!+#!&2∋&0∃4&5∃! ∋+−!

0(63/(6(! 6+24∃−! ∋+! ∃)∗+−,! 3∗+#! #&63−+6+24+! +#!

0(63/+2#&5∃!∋+−!∋+#∃//(−−(!∋+!−∃!∋&−&8+20&∃Β!

∀2!−∃!1&374+#! ∋+! ∃0+34∃/#+,! +2! 8/∃0&∃! ∋+! ∋∗#&72,! −∃#!

∃=&/6∃∋∃#!3(/!−∃!0+2#∗/∃,!&20(1+/+20&∃#!(!&63/+0&(2+#!

∋+! −∃#! /+#3∗+#4∃#! ∋∃∋∃#! 3(/! π∗&−−+/6(! γ+#4/+3(! χ+≅∆∃,!

&20−∗#&5+! )∗+! =∗+/(2! ∋&/&8&∋∃#! 3(/! #∗#! &24+/−(0∗4(/+#,!

∃0+/0∃!∋+!−∃! ∋(#&0&72! ∋+! −(#!∋&2+/(#!+2!−(#! =(2∋(#! ∋+!

&25+/#&72,!2∃∋∃!∋&24(!∃!+#+!3/+0(!0(24+2&∋(!∃0/+∋&4∃2!

+2!−(#!0∃63(#!6∃4+/&∃−!∗!(%≅+4&5(Β!

Κ(#!+//(/+#,!+2!+#+!0∃#(,!#+!∃#(0&∃/∆∃2!0(2!+−!0(24+2&∋(!∋+!

−∃!∋+0−∃/∃0&72!∋+!5(−∗24∃∋,!+2!#∆!6(!0(2#&∋+/∃∋(,!;!2(!

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∋+4+/&(/(#!∋+!−∃! #∃−∗∋! =∆#&0∃Β!Χ#∆!)∗+! 4(∋∃! 0(20−∗#&72!+2!

0(24/∃/&(!∋+!−(#!/+0∗//+24+#,!0(6(!)∗+!Ο2(!#+!2+0+#&4∃!#+/!

69∋&0(! 2&! 4+2+/! 0(2(0&6&+24(#! +#3+0&∃−&

6∃4+/&∃! 2&! 6∗01(! 6+2(#! +#4∃/! &24+/∋&04(,! 3∃/∃! ∋∃/#+!

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?κΑΠ,!2(!3∃#∃!∋+!#+/!∗2∃!3(#&0&72!#∗%≅+4&5∃!(!0(24&28+24+Β!

Κ∃! 0∃3∃0&∋∃∋! ;! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋! +2! −(#! ∃04(#! (! 2+8(0&(#!

≅∗/∆∋&0(#! +#4:2! ∆24&6∃! ;! /+0∆3/(0∃6+24+! /+−∃0&(2∃∋∃#!

3(/)∗+! ∗2∃! ;! (4/∃,! 0(2#4&4∗;+2! /+)∗&4(#! ∋+! 5∃−&∋+

2+0+#∃/&(#!∋+!4(∋(! 4&3(! ∋+!6∃2&=+#4∃0&72!∋+! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋!

≅∗/∆∋&0∃,!0(2!3+/≅∗&0&(!∋+! 8+2+/∃/! 2∗−&∋∃∋Λ! #&2! +6%∃/8(,!

4&+2+2!∗2∃!=(2(6∆∃!3/(3&∃,!#&2!0(2=∗2∋&/#+,!+24/+!#∆Λ!∃#∆!

7Β6!

3(/! +≅+63−(,! −∃! 5(−∗24∃∋! +#! /+)∗&4(! +#+20&∃−! (! ∋+!

+Γ+20&∃!∋+!−(#!∃04(#!(!2+8(0&(#!≅∗/∆∋&0(#,!#∗#4∃20&∃−&∋∃∋!

)∗+! 2(! (#4+24∃! −∃! 0∃3∃0&∋∃∋,! 3(/)∗+! 9#4∃,! ∃3+2∃#! +#! ∗2!

3/+#∗3∗+#4(!∋+!−∃!5∃−&∋+

Κ∃!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!∋+−!#∗≅+4(!∋+!∋+/+01(,!#&+2∋(!∗2∃,!4&+2+!∗2∃!

+Γ3/+#&72!∋∗∃−!(!=/∃00&(2∃∋∃,!0(2!&2∋+3+2∋+20&∃!∋+!4(∋(!

4&3(! ∋+! ∃2=&%(−(8∆∃! )∗+! ∋+#3&+/4∃! +−! #(−(! ∗#(! ∋+! #∗!

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(! ∋+! 8(0+! +#! −∃! ∃34&4∗∋! 3∃/∃! #+/! 4&4∗−∃/! ∋+! /+−∃0&(2+#!

≅∗/∆∋&0∃#!(!3∃/∃!)∗+!∋+4+/6&2∃∋(!∋+/+01(!∗!(%−&8∃0&72!#+!

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#&63−+6+24+! 0(6(! /+0+34(/! ∋+! ∋+/+01(#Λ! ;,! ΗΒ! Κ∃!

0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!∋+!(%/∃/,! ∋+!+≅+/0&0&(,!2+8(0&∃−! +#! 3(#&%&−&∋∃∋,!

0∗∃−&∋∃∋!(!∃34&4∗∋!∋+!#+/!4&4∗−∃/!∋+!∋+/+01(#,!∋+!∋(2+/!

;!∋+!0(24/∃+/!(%−&8∃0&(2+#!+2!=(/6∃!3+/#(2∃−,!5(−∗24∃/&∃,!

∃∗472(6∃! ;! −&%/+6+24+,! #&2! &63(#&0&(2+#Λ! +#! −∃! =∃0∗−4∃∋!

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6&2+/&(!(!−∃!∃∗4(/&3+/#(2∃Π!?∃/4Β!ΘςΙΗ!∋+−!

7Β∆!

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∋+#∃//(−−∃∋∃! (! ∋+−&%+/∃4&5∃Β! ∀#! −∃! 1∃%&−&∋∃∋! −+8∃−! 3∃/∃!

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#∃−5(!∋&28(#!−+8∃−+#,!+2!2∗+#4/(!∋+/+01(,!#&+2∋(!+#4∃!−∃!

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0(2#4&4∗;+2!−∃!+Γ0+30&72Β!

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∋+! 4∃−! =(/6∃! )∗+! /+3/+#+24∃! +−! 0∃/:04+/! ∋&2:6&0(! 3(/!

0∗∃24(! 3+/6&4+! )∗+! +−! #∗≅+4(! +2! +≅+/0&0&(! ∋+! #∗! −&%+/4∃∋!

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(!/+−∃4&5∃!?∃/4∆0∗−(!Θς!∋+!−∃!Κ+;!ΘΤΙΩ!∋+!ΗΙΙ[ΑΒ!Κ∃!∋&=+/+20&∃!

∋+!−∃!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!∋+!8(0+,!−∃!∋+!(%/∃/!#+!4(/2∃!+2!0(2∋&0&72!

(! /+)∗&4(! ∋+! 5∃−&∋+

6(!6(∋(,! #&!−∃!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋! ≅∗/∆∋&0∃!#+! ∃2∃−&5∃!+2!

#∗! ∃#3+04(! 3∃#&5(,! −∃! 2+8(0&∃−! #+! 3/+#+24∃! +2! #∗! =(/6∃!

∃04&5∃! 0(6(! +≅+0∗0&72! ∋+! 0(2∋∗04∃#! +2! +−! :6%&4(! ∋+! −∃!

∃∗4(2(6∆∃!∋+−!#∗≅+4(!∋+!∋+/+01(Β!

Κ∃!0∃3∃0&∋∃∋!2+8(0&∃−!3+/6&4+!+≅+/0+/!(!+Γ&8&/!∋+/+01(#!(!

0(24/∃+/!(%−&8∃0&(2+#! +2!=(/6∃! 3+/#(2∃−!+2!3(#!∋+!0/+∃/,!

6(∋&=&0∃/! (! +Γ4&28∗&/! /+−∃0&(2+#! ≅∗/∆∋&0∃#! +2! =(/6∃!

5(−∗24∃/&∃!;!∃∗472(6∃Λ!3(/!+#4∃!/∃<72!+−!.&00&(2∃/&(!∋+!−∃!

7ΕΚ!

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3/(%∃4(/&∃!∋+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!+#!(!2(!+)∗&5(0∃∋∃Β!

∀2! −(! ∋+6:#,! +2! +−! 1+01(! ∋(0+! ∋+! −∃! ∋+6∃2∋∃,! −∃!

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−∃!6∃,!2&!∋+!#∗#!0(2#+0∗+20&∃#Β!

7ΕΕ!

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7Ε3!

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∋(#&4&5(ΠΒ!

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7Ε6!

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∃! −∃! 5+

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7Ε∆!

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∃04(Θ[Β!

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73Κ!

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ΧγΡ∀Κ!ΖΧΚΧ_Χγ!γΧχψγ∀_!

ϑ(2!#∃−5∃6+24(!∋+!5(4(!

ΚσΡΖ!ΧγχΧΝ.]!Μ]Κ]ΖΧ!ηΡΚΚΧ∴]ΝΧ!

Θ!ϑΖλΒ!ϑ&5&−Β!Ζ+24+20&∃!∋+−!Θς!∋+!6∃/

Η! ϑΖλΒ! ϑ&5&−Β! Ζ+24+20&∃! ΘΙ! ∋+! 6∃/

∋+0&(2+#!∃2:−(8∃#!#+!1∃−−∃2!+2!−∃#!#+24+20&∃#!∋+!0∃#∃0&72β!

ϑΖλ!∋+−!ΗΞ!∋+!∃8(#4(!∋+!Θ[ΥΤΛ!∋+−!ΘΥ!∋+!6∃/

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∋+!ΗΙΘΥΒ!

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Ω!∋+!(04∗%/+!∋+!Θ[ΥΗΛ!∋+−!ΗΞ!∋+!∃8(#4(!∋+!Θ[ΥΤΛ!∋+−!Θς!∋+!

6∃/

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Θ[[[!;!∋+!ΘΤ!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙΙ,!∋+!Θ[!∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!

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+∋&0&72Λ!χ∃∋/&∋β!∀#3∃#∃!ϑ∃−3+,!ΗΙΙΩ,!3Β!ΗΞΙΒ!

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4∃6%&92!−∃!∋+−!Ης!∋+!6∃;(!∋+!Θ[ΞΩ!

ΘΤ!ϑΖλΒ!ϑ&5&−Β!Ζ+24+20&∃!∋+!ΘΘ!∋+!∃%/&−!∋+!ΗΙΙΙΒ!

ΘΥ!ϑΖλΒ!ϑ&5&−Β!Ζ+24+20&∃!∋+−!ΘΘ!∋+!∃%/&−!∋+!ΗΙΙΙΒ!

Θς! ϑΖλΒ! ϑ&5&−Β! Ζ+24+20&∃! ∋+! [! ∋+! ∋&0&+6%/+! ∋+! ΗΙΘς,!

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Θ[!∋+!2(5&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΙΘ,!+Γ3+∋&+24+!ΩΥΙΩΒ!

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3:8&2∃!ςΘΗΒ!

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2(!1∃!2∃0&∋(!∃!−∃!5&∋∃!≅∗/∆∋&0∃δΛ!=+%/+/(!Τ!∋+!Θ[ςΩ,!Κ⊥⊥ΡΡ,!

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∋+−!Ης!∋+!∃8(#4(!∋+!Θ[Τς,!ΗΥ!∋+!∃8(#4(!∋+!Θ[ΤΨ,!Η[!∋+!6∃/

∋+!Θ[Τ[Λ!∋+−!Θς!∋+!6∃/∋+−!Ω!∋+!(04∗%/+!∋+!Θ[ςΗΛ!

∋+−!ΘΩ!∋+!∃%/&−!∋+!Θ[ςΤ,!ΗΥ!∋+!≅∗−&(!∋+!Θ[Ω[,!Τ!∋+!6∃;(!∋+!

Θ[ΨΥΛ!ΗΩ!∋+!∃%/&−!∋+!Θ[[ςΛ!Ω!∋+!∃8(#4(!∋+!ΗΙΘΙ,!ΘΤ!∋+!(04∗%/+!

∋+!ΗΙΘΘ,!Ω!∋+!6∃/∋+!∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!ΗΙΘΤ!;!∋+−!

ΤΘ!∋+!≅∗−&(!∋+!ΗΙΘς,!+24/+!(4/∃#Β!

ΘΨ!Ζ(%/+! −∃! #(−+62&∋∃∋!0(6(!/+)∗&4(! ∋+!−∃!+Γ+20&∃!

∋+−!∃04(!≅∗/∆∋&0(,!0∗;∃!(6&72!8+2+/∃!−∃!δ&2+Γ+20&∃δ!∋+−!

∃04(Ε2+8(0&(!≅∗/∆∋&0(,!59∃#+!−∃!Ζϑ!ϑΖλ!∋+−!Ης!∋+!6∃;(!∋+!

Θ[[ΗΒ!Ρ8∗∃−6+24+,!−∃! Ζϑ! ϑΖλ! ∋+−!Ω!∋+!∃8(#4(! ∋+! ΗΙΘΙΒ! Κ∃!

ϑ(/4+!Ζ∗3/+6∃!∋+!λ∗#4&0∃!∃!4/∃59#!∋+!−∃!Ζ∃−∃!∋+!Ν+8(0&(#!

π+2+/∃−+#! +2! 3/(5&∋+20&∃! ∋+! #+34&+6%/+! ΗΙ! ∋+! Θ[Υς! ∃!

3/(37#&4(!∋+!−∃!/+−∃0&72!=(/6∃−&∋∃∋+#!∃∋!#∗#4∃24&∃6!∃04∗#!

+! &2+Γ+20&∃! /+&4+/∃2∋(! ∗2! 3/+0+∋+24+! ∋+−! ΘΘ! ∋+!

∋&0&+6%/+!∋+!Θ[ΤΩ!#+ε∃−7β!Οϑ∗∃2∋(!∗2!0(24/∃4(!+#4:!#∗≅+4(!

∃! −∃! (%#+/5∃20&∃! ∋+! 0&+/4∃#! =(/6∃−&∋∃∋+#! +#3+0&∃−+#,! +#!

#(−+62+,! ∋+! 6∃2+/∃! )∗+! #&2! +−−∃#! 2(! 3/(∋∗0+! 2&28>2!

+=+04(!0&5&−Β!?Χ/4∆0∗−(!ΘςΙΙ!∋+−!ϑΒϑΑΒ!∀−!0(24/∃4(!0+−+%/∃∋(!

733!

3(/! +−! #+ε(/! π∗4&9//+

+#4∃%∃!#∗≅+4(,!0(6(!;∃!#+!1∃!5(,!∃!−∃!=(/6∃−&∋∃∋!+#3+0&∃−!

∋+!−∃!/+5&72!∋+−!Μ/&%∗2∃−!∋+!−(!ϑ(24+20&(#(!∋+!χ+∋+−−∆2,!

;!0(6(!+#4:!=(/6∃−&∋∃∋!2(!#+!0∗63−&7,!4∃−!0(24/∃4(!2(!4∗5(!

+Γ+20&∃! ≅∗/∆∋&0∃! 2&! ∋+! 9−! #+! 3∗+∋+2! ∋+/&5∃/! ∃00&(2+#!

0&5&−+#Β!∀2!(4/(#!49/6&2(#,!0(6(! +−!0(24/∃4(!2(!#+!0+−+%/7!

−+8∃−6+24+,! 3(/)∗+! −+! =∃−47! +−! 0∗63−&6&+24(! ∋+! ∗2∃!

=(/6∃−&∋∃∋! &2∋+2#∃%−+! 3∃/∃! #∗! 5∃−&∋+

#(#4+2+/#+! )∗+! #+∃! ∗2∃! −+;! 3∃/∃! −∃#! 3∃/4+#! 0(24/∃4∃24+#,!

0(6(! −(! +#4∃%−+0+! +−! ∃/4∆0∗−(! ΘΩΙΗ! ∋+−! ϑΒϑΒ,! )∗+! +#! −∃!

∋(#&0&72! )∗+! +2! 3/&6+/! 49/6&2(! #&/5+! ∋+! ∃3(;(! ∃−!

∋+6∃2∋∃24+ΠΒ!ν&2∃−6+24+!0(20−∗;7β!Ο?κΑ!+#4∃2∋(!4(∋∃5∆∃!

+−!0(24/∃4(!+2!5∆∃!∋+!3+/=+00&(2∃6&+24(,!2(!3∗+∋+!+2!/&8(/!

1∃%−∃/#+!∋+!2∗−&∋∃∋!∋+!2&28∗2∃!+#3+0&+Β!∀−!0(24/∃4(!2(!1∃!

2∃0&∋(!∃!−∃!5&∋∃!≅∗/∆∋&0∃!;!+#(!+#!4(∋(!?ϑ(/4+!Ζ∗3/+6∃!∋+!

λ∗#4&0&∃,!Ζ∃−∃!∋+!Ν+8(0&(#!π+2+/∃−+#,!3/(5&∋+20&∃!∋+!ΗΙ!∋+!

#+34&+6%/+!∋+!Θ[ΥςΑΠΒ!

Θ[!η+/! #(%/+!+#4(#! ∋(#!3∗24(#β!]ΖΦΡΝΧ!ν∀γΝθΝ.∀_,!

π∗&−−+/6(ϖ]ΖΦΡΝΧ! Χϑ]ΖΜΧ,! ∀∋∗∃/∋(Β! Μ+(/∆∃! π+2+/∃−!

∋+−! ϑ(24/∃4(! ;! ∋+−! Ν+8(0&(! λ∗/∆∋&0(Β! ∴(8(4:Β! ∀∋&4(/&∃−!

Μ+6Β!Ζ934&6∃!∀∋&0&72Β!ΗΙΘςΒ!Φ:8#Β!ΨΤΕΨςΒ!η+/!4∃6%&92β!

φΡΝ∀ΖΜγ]ΖΧ! ν]γ∀γ],! ν+/2∃2∋(Β! Μ/∃4∃∋(! ∋+! −∃#!

]%−&8∃0&(2+#! ΡΡΒ! .+! −∃#! ν∗+24+#! ∋+! −∃#! ]%−&8∃0&(2+#β! ∀−!

Ν+8(0&(! λ∗/∆∋&0(Β! η(−Β! ΡΡΒ! ∴(8(4:Β! ∀∋&4(/&∃−! σ2&5+/#&∋∃∋!

∀Γ4+/2∃∋(!∋+!ϑ(−(6%&∃Β!ΗΙΘςΒ!Φ:8Β!ΩΨ[Β!

736!

ΗΙ! ϑΖλΒ! ϑ&5&−Β! Ζ+24+20&∃! ΙΩΗ! ∋+! ΗΥ! ∋+! 6∃;(! ∋+! ΗΙΙΙ,!

+Γ3+∋&+24+!ςΗΩΞΒ!

∗

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