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La necesidad de armonización de conceptos en los procedimientos de resolución de controversias internacionales: desarrollando un principio sustantivo de transparencia y de obtención de pruebas en el ámbito transnacional

Document Citas 1 Citado por Relacionados
Vincent
AutorPedro José Martinez-Fraga
Páginas201-223
ϮϬϭ
>E^/ZDKE//MEKEWdK^
E>K^WZK/D/EdK^Z^K>h/ME
KEdZKsZ^/^/EdZE/KE>^͗^ZZK>>EK
hEWZ/E/W/K^h^dEd/sKdZE^WZE/
zKdE/MEWZh^E>D/dK
dZE^E/KE>
WĞĚƌŽ:ŽƐĠDĂƌƟŶĞnjͲ&ƌĂŐĂ*
“La gente che per li sepolcri giace
ƉŽƚƌĞďďĞƐŝ ǀĞĚĞƌ͍ 'ŝă ƐŽŶ ůĞǀĂƟ ƚƵƩ͛ŝ
coperchi, e nessun guardia face”**.
“Così com’ io del suo raggio resplendo,
ƐŞ͕ƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶĚŽ ŶĞůĂůƵĐĞ ĞƩĞƌŶĂ͕ůŝ ƚƵŽŝ
pensieri onde cagioni apprendo”***.
Si bien la diversidad de conceptos
ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽƐ ĞƐ ŵƵLJ ĂƚƌĂĐƟǀĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ
académicos, lo cierto es que dicha
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚƚƌĂĞĐŽŶƐŝŐŽŝŶĚĞĨĞĐƟďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ
un gran obstáculo cuando se intenta
ĂƉůŝĐĂƌ ƵŶĂ ƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĐŽŵƷŶ Ă ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
que traspasan el ámbito nacional, toda
ǀĞnjƋƵĞůŽƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽƐĚŝĨĞƌŝƌĄŶƐŝƐĞƟĞŶĞ
en cuenta uno u otro sistema jurídico.
ŶĞů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽ͕Ğů ĂƵƚŽƌĂĚǀŝĞƌƚĞ
la necesidad de armonizar conceptos
ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽƐĂ ĮŶĚĞ ĂƌŵŽŶŝnjĂƌƵŶĂƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ
en controversias internacionales, enfo-
cándose en dos sistemas jurídicos: El Civil
Law y el Common Law.
* $ERJDGR6RFLRGH '/$3LSHU*OREDO/DZ )LUP\&RRUGLQDGRU,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH$VXQWRV/LWLJLRVRVSDUD ODV
UHJLRQHV GH /DWLQRDPpULFD \ GHO (VWDGR GH )ORULGD GH OD PLVPD )LUPD 3URIHVRU DGMXQWR GH OD )DFXOWDG
GH 'HUHFKR GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 1XHYD
,QWHUQDFLRQDO&&,\HQHO&HQWUR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$UUHJORGH'LIHUHQFLDV5HODWLYDVD,QYHUVLRQHV&,$',
** $/,*+,(5,'DQWH³/D 'LYLQD&RPHGLD´SS 132-133. Nota del Traductor: “La gente que en los sepulcros
\DFH¢SRGUiVHYHU"
*** ,EtGSS1RWDGHO7UDGXFWRU: “Así como yo de su rayo esplendo. así, contemplando en la luz eterna,
tus pensamientos, donde nacen, aprendo”.
ϮϬϮ
63
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&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
/͘ /Ed ZKh /ME
ƵĂŶĚŽ ŚĂďůĂŵŽƐ ĚĞů ĄŵďŝƚŽ ĚĞ ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ ƋƵŝnjĄƐ Ğů ƌĞƚŽ
mayor sea el referido a la conciliación entre los
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĚĞŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶĚĞƉƌƵĞďĂĚĞůĞƌĞĐŚŽ
ŝǀŝů ƌŽŵĂŶŽͲŐĞƌŵĄŶŝĐŽ ʹcivil lawʹ LJ ƐƵ
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƉĂƌƚĞ͕ĞůƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞ͞Discovery͕͟
ĞŶĞůĞƌĞĐŚŽĂŶŐůŽƐĂũſŶʹcommon lawʹ͘>ĂƐ
ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚĞƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĂŵďŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ
ĞŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ Ă ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌƵĞďĂ͕
ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ŵĞŶŽƐ ƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĂƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶ
ƐĞƌŝƌƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂďůĞƐ͘hŶŽĚĞ ůŽƐŵĄƐƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ
ƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů Ăƌ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ
ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĚŽ ͞ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂƌ
ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ  ƐŽďƌĞ WƌĄĐƟĐĂ ĚĞ WƌƵĞďĂ ĞŶ
Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͟1 ĞƐ ƵŶ ƚƌĂďĂũŽ
ĞŵďůĞŵĄƟĐŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐ ĚĞ ƐŝŶƚĞƟnjĂƌ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ ĚĞcommon law y
civil lawϮ͘>ĂƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐƋƵĞƐĞƉĂƌĂŶĂ ĞƐƚŽƐ
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐũƵƌşĚŝĐŽƐ ʹcommon law y civil lawʹ
en este delimitado aspecto de la resolución
de disputas internacionales conlleva a la
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂĐŝſŶLJ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂƐůĞŐĂůĞƐ
ĐĂƉĂĐĞƐ ĚĞ ĐƵďƌŝƌ ĚŝĐŚŽƐ ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐ͕ ƚĂůĞƐ
ĐŽŵŽ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů Ăƌ
ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ͕ƉĞƌŽĐŽŶĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐ
ĨƵŶĚĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŵĄƐ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŽƐ͕ĞŶ ĐĂƐŽĚĞƋƵĞ
ĞƐƚŽƐĐŽŶƟŶƷĞŶ͕ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂƌLJƐĂƟƐĨĂĐĞƌ
ůĂƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟǀĂƐƋƵĞ ƐƵƌũĂŶĚĞůĂƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐ
ĞŶƚƌĞĂŵďŽƐƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐůĞŐĂůĞƐϯ.
ů ŚƵŵŝůĚĞ ŽďũĞƟǀŽ ĚĞů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ ĂƌơĐƵůŽ
ĞƐ ƐĞƌǀŝƌ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ƉĞƋƵĞŹŽ ƉĂƐŽ ŚĂĐŝĂ
ůĂ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂĐŝſŶ LJ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ĚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝĂƐ͕ĞŶĐĂƐŽĚĞ ƋƵĞůĂ
ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂĐŝſŶĚĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĞŶ ůŽƋƵĞ ƐĞƌĞĮĞƌĞ
Ă ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌƵĞďĂ ƐĞĂ ƚŽŵĂĚĂ
ƐĞƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ŽďũĞƟǀŽ ĞŶ Ğů ĐĂŵƉŽ
de resolución de disputas internacionales.
Ŷ ƚĂů ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ Ğů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ ƚƌĂďĂũŽ ŚĂ
sido estructurado en cuatro secciones. La
ƉƌŝŵĞƌĂ ƐĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂ ĞŶ ͞ĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌůĂƐ ƌĂnjŽŶĞƐ͟
ĚĞ ƉŽƌƋƵĠ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ʹůĂ ĐƵĂů ƐĞƌĄ
ƉŽƐƚĞƌŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĚĂ ͞ŶŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ͟ʹĞƐƵŶĂŶŽƌŵĂͬƌĞŐůĂ
ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝĂ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ŐĂůǀĂŶŝnjĂ
ůĂ ĐŽŶǀĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ĂƐƵŶƚŽƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨƌŽŶƚĞƌŝnjŽƐ
ĞŶ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĂ Ă ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ
ƉƌƵĞďĂ͘ ŽŵŽ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƚĂů ƉƌĞŵŝƐĂ͕ ĚŝĐŚĂ
ƐĞĐĐŝſŶ ƐĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂ ĞŶ ůĂ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞů
ĄŵďŝƚŽ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͬĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ
ŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŚĂ ĞŶǀƵĞůƚŽ Ă ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ LJ ĞŶ ŵĞŶŽƌ
ŵĞĚŝĚĂ Ă ůŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ
;/^Ϳϰ͘ >Ă ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĂŶĂůŝnjĂůĂƐ ĚŝƐƟŶƚĂƐ
ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐLJ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂĚŽƐƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŚĂŶƚĞũŝĚŽ
ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞ Ğů ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ
ĚĞ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕
ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐLJĂůŐƵŶŽƐůĂƵĚŽƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂ
ƋƵĞƐĞƉĞƌŵŝƚĂĚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƌůŽƐƉĂƌĄŵĞƚƌŽƐƉĂƌĂ
ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂͬƌĞŐůĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĨƵƚƵƌĂ LJ
ƋƵĞƐĞ ůůĞŐƵĞĂƵŶ ĞŶƚĞŶĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽ
ĐŽŵƷŶ ĚĞ ƚĂů ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ƐĞ ĂƉůŝĐĂ Ă
ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌƵĞďĂ͘ >Ă ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƉĂƌƚĞ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂ ƵŶ ͞ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ ŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞ͟
ƋƵĞ ĞƐ ĞŶĚĠŵŝĐŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞ ůŽƐ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐLJ /^͘
>Ă ƉĂƌƚĞ ĮŶĂů ƐƵďLJĂĐĞƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ ƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ ĚĞ
desarrollo de una norma de transparencia
ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ Ă ůĂƐ ďĂƐĞƐ ĨƵŶĚĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ƵƟůŝnjĂŶĚŽƉĂƌĂ ĞůůŽ
ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐƋƵĞĨŽƌŵĞŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůĂƐZĞŐůĂƐĚĞůĂ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂƌƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ .
//͘ ZK E^ WZ  yW>/ Z >
dZE ^WZE / KD K hE
EKZD ͬZ'>  Yh ^  W>/ͳ
>  E > K dE /ME 
WZh  E ^ hEdK^   1EK >
dZE ^E/ KE>
͘ ů ŵďŝƚŽ ĚĞ WƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͬŽŶĮĚĞŶͲ
ĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ĐƵďƌĞ Ăů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů;/Ϳ
>ŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŚĂ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚŽ ƵŶĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ
es usualmente considerada erróneamente
ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĂďƐŽůƵƚĂ͕ LJ
ƋƵĞ ŚĂ ƐƵĨƌŝĚŽ ĞŶ ƐƵ ĂĐĞƉƚĂĐŝſŶ ĚĂĚĂƐ ůĂƐ
ĚĞƐŵĞƐƵƌĂĚĂƐ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ĐůŝĞŶƚĞƐ͘
>Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂ ĚĞ
1 (QKWWSZZZLEDQHWRUJ'RFXPHQW'HIDXOWDVS["'RFXPHQW8LG (%&('$%%$.
2 9pDVH0$57Ë1(=)5$*$3HGUR. ³*RRG)DLWK%DG)DLWK%XWQRW/RVLQJ)DLWK$&RPPHQWDU\RQWKH
,%$5XOHVRQWKH7DNLQJRI(YLGHQFHLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UELWUDWLRQ´SS
3 Para propósitos del presente artículo se ha puesto énfasis solamente en los sistemas del civil law y common
law 6L OD UHVROXFLyQ GH GLVSXWDV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV WXYLHUD TXH VHU YHUGDGHUDPHQWH LQWHUQDFLRQDO VH GHEH
FRQVLGHUDUWDPELpQDRWURVVLVWHPDVOHJDOHVFRPRORVGHO0HGLR2ULHQWHSRUHMHPSORSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ
de reglas transnacionales referentes a la obtención de prueba.
4 'HEHGH VHxDODUVHTXHHO ³HOHPHQWRGH SULYDFLGDG´HVHPLQHQWHPHQWH GHWHFWDEOHHQ$,6 FRPRSDUWHGHO
legado estructural que subyace al mismo.
ϮϬϯ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĞƐƉĂĐŝŽƷŶŝĐŽLJĚŝƐƟŶƚŽƋƵĞƐƵďLJĂĐĞĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞů
ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů WƌŝǀĂĚŽ͘  ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ĚĞ ƐƵ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƉĂƌƚĞ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂů͕ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
ƚŽƚĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ůŝďƌĞ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ũƵĚŝĐŝĂůĞƐƉƌĞĐŝƐĂŵĞŶƚĞƉŽƌƋƵĞůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ŶŽ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ
ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂĐŝſŶĚĞů ĞũĞƌĐŝĐŝŽĚĞ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶşĂƉŽƌ
ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƐƚĂĚŽ ĞŶ ĨŽŵĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ůŽ ƋƵĞ
ƉƌĞƚĞŶĚĞ ƐĞƌ ƵŶĂ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ũƵƐƟĐŝĂ
ĞƋƵŝƚĂƟǀĂ͘ >Ă ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ
ĐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂƐ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ĐƌŝĂƚƵƌĂƐ
ƌĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚĞƐĚĞ ƵŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƚŽ͕ ƐĞ ĞũĞĐƵƚĂ ĨƵĞƌĂ
ĚĞ ůĂ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ĂĚũƵĚŝĐĂƟǀĂ ĚĞů ƐƚĂĚŽ͕
LJ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞŶĚĞ͕ ĐŝĞƌƌĂ ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂ
ĂĐƚƵĂů Ž ƉŽƚĞŶĐŝĂů Ă ƵŶ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ Ă ůĂ
informaciónϱ.
>Ă ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ LJ ůĂ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ
ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂŶ Ă ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐƐĞ ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞŶ ĐŽŵŽĐĂƌĂĐƚĞͲ
ƌşƐƟĐĂƐ ĂƚƌĂĐƟǀĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƐƵ ŵĂƐĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŶͲ
ƐƵŵŝĚŽƌĞƐƋƵĞŚĂĐĞƵƐŽĚĞĚŝĐŚĂŚĞƌƌĂŵŝĞŶƚĂ
legalϲ. A pesar de la ausencia de autoridad
para la proposición de ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚcomo
opuesta a la ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ͕ĐŽŵŽ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂ
ƐŽďƌĞƐĂůŝĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕Ğů ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĞƐǀŝƐƚŽ
ĐŽŵŽŝŵƉůşĐŝƚŽ ŽĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂŝŶĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞ ƵŶ
ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽͬĐŽŶƚƌĂƚŽ ƉĂƌĂ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞƌ ƵŶĂ ĚĞƚĞƌͲ
ŵŝŶĂĚĂĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂĂƚƌĂǀĠƐĚĞĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞϳ.
ůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ WƌŝǀĂĚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĨƵĞĐƌĞĂĚŽ
ƐŽďƌĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƐƋƵĞŚĂŶƚĞŶŝĚŽĞŶŵĞŶƚĞ
una controversia ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ. Estos fundamentos
ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƚƵǀŝĞƌŽŶ ƵŶĂ ĐĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ Ž ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ͕ ůŽ ƋƵĞ Ă ƐƵ
ǀĞnj ŐĞŶĞƌſ ƵŶ ͞ĚĠĮĐŝƚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͟ϴ. Aun
ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ĐŽŶŶŽƚĂĚŽƐ ĂƵƚŽƌĞƐ ŽƉŝŶĂŶ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ŚĂ
ƚĞŶŝĚŽ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ůŽŐƌŽƐ ĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐͲ
ƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ĞůůŽƐ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶ ƋƵĞ
ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ
no son totalmente transparenteϵ. El más
ƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞ ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽ ƐŽďƌĞ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ
ƐƵŐŝĞƌĞ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐƷŶ ƌĞƋƵĞƌŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ƉŽƌƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞůĂƐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ
ƉƵďůŝĐĂƌ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ƟƉŽ ƌĞůĂƟǀĂ Ă ƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͕ ƐĂůǀŽ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĂ ƵŶ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ĞŶƚƌĞ
ůĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ůŽ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŝŽϭϬ.
>ĂƐ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂŶůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐĚĞƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƐƵďƌĂLJĂŶ ůĂ
ĚŝĐŽƚŽŵşĂ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͲĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĐŽŶͲ
ũƵŶƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŶ Ğů ͞ĚĠĮĐŝƚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͟
presente en dichos procedimientos. Los más
ĞŵďůĞŵĄƟĐŽƐƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐĐŝĞƌƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ŽďůŝŐĂŶĂƵŶĂƌĞǀŝƐŝſŶ͘
͘ >Ă ĚŝĐŽƚŽŵşĂ WƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͲŽŶĮĚĞŶͲ
ĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ĂůŝŵĞŶƚĂ Ă ůĂƐ /ŶƐƟͲ
ƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͗ hŶ ͞ĠĮĐŝƚ
ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů͟
ŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů LJ ĞŶ ĐůĂƌŽ
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚĞĐŽŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂůĞƐ͕
ƐĞƟĞŶĞƋƵĞůĂƐŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐĂ ǀŝǀĂ
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como una criatura del contrato”.
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certain circumstances would never attach.
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to decide most aspects of the process. Partly because these disputes were perceived as being purely private,
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within the system, whether on a private institutional level or an international level”.
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of Kansas Law Review 54. 2005-2006. pp. 1301, 1325.
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ǀŽnjƉƵďůŝĐŝƚĂŶƋƵĞůĂƐĂƵĚŝĞŶĐŝĂƐƐŽŶƉƌŝǀĂĚĂƐ͕
ƐĂůǀŽ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ Ž ĂůŐƵŶĂ ůĞLJ ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ
determinen lo contrario. La presunción de
ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚƋƵĞƐƵďLJĂĐĞ ĂůŽƐƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ĚĞƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŶŽ
ŶĞĐĞƐŝƚĂƐĞƌ ĞdžƉůşĐŝƚĂŵĞŶƚĞĞdžƉƌĞƐĂĚĂĞŶ ůĂƐ
ƌĞŐůĂƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐĚĞůĂƐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĂƐŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕
ƉŽƌƋƵĞƐƵƉƌŽƉŝĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂĞƐƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ11.
EŝŶŐƵŶĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ
ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ĚĞĮŶĞ ͞ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ͟
Ž ͞ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͘͟ Ɛ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵĄƟĐŽƋƵĞůŽƐ ĚŽƐƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐƐĞƐƵĞůĂŶ
ƵƟůŝnjĂƌ ŝŶĚŝƐƟŶƚĂŵĞŶƚĞϭϮ͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ƐĞ
ƟĞŶĞƋƵĞĂ ůĂ͞ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͟ƐĞůĞŽƚŽƌŐĂ
una mayor deferencia y es mayormente
ƐĞŹĂůĂĚŽ ĞŶ Ğů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ĚĞďĞ ƐĞƌ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂů ĚĞ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ Ă ůĂ ůĞLJ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ
ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞϭϯ͘ >Ă ĨĂůƚĂ ĚĞ ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐ ƉŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ
ĚĞůĂƐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐƉĂƌĂ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƌ
ĞŶƚƌĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ LJ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĞƐ
ĚĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌƚĂŶƚĞ LJ ĂĐĞŶƚƷĂ ůĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ ĚĞů
ŵĂůĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ ĞƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͲ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ Ŷ ƚĂů ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕
ĂĚĞŵĄƐ ĚĞů ͞ĚĠĮĐŝƚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͕͟ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ
ƋƵĞŚĂLJƵŶĚĠĮĐŝƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů.
͘ ů >ĂƵĚŽ LJ ůĂƐ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞŶ ůĂ
͞ĂũĂEĞŐƌĂ͟
>Ă ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ ĚĞ ŽƉĂĐŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ă ůĂ
ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ĞŶƌĂŝͲ
njĂĚĂ ĞŶ ;ŝͿ ůŽƐ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĚĞ ŚĞĐŚŽ LJ
ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞƐƉĞƌĂŶ ĚĞ
ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌĂĚũƵĚŝĐĂĐŝſŶƌĂnjŽŶĂĚĂ͕;ŝŝͿůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĂ
ƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞůůĂƵĚŽ͕LJ;ŝŝŝͿůĂƐĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ocurridas en el procedimiento. Las principales
ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ĞǀŝƚĂŶ ĐůĂƐŝĮĐĂƌ ůŽƐ
laudos como ƉƌŝǀĂĚŽƐ o ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůĞƐ. En
ǀĞnjĚĞĞůůŽĞŶĨĂƟnjĂŶĞŶůĂƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĚĞ ŶŽͲ
ƌĞǀĞůĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ Ž ŶŽͲĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂĐŝſŶ Ă ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐ
ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ĚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƋƵĞ ƐĞĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ Ă ůĂƐ
partesϭϰ͘ dŽĚĂƐ ůĂƐ ͞ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕͟ ƵŶ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ
ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂĚŽ Ŷŝ ĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ
ĞŶ ůĂƐ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌƚĞ Ğů ŵŝƐŵŽ
ĚĞƐƟŶŽƋƵĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ůĂƵĚŽƐϭϱ. Aun cuando no
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ůĂƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĂďĂƌĐĂŶ ĞƐƚŽƐ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ
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8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHDJUHHGE\WKHSDUWLHVWKHDGPLQLVWUDWRUmay SXEOLVKRURWKHUZLVHPDNH SXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH
selected awards, decisions and rulings that have been edited to conceal the names of the parties or other
identifying details RUWKDWKDYHEHHQPDGHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOHLQWKHFRXUVHRIHQIRUFHPHQWRURWKHUZLVH
(ODUWGHODV5HJODVGH&&,VREUH1RWL¿FDFLyQ'HSyVLWR\(MHFXFLyQGH/DXGRVHVWDEOHFHQTXH
$GGLWLRQDOFRSLHVFHUWL¿HGWUXHE\WKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOVKDOOEHPDGHDYDLODEOHRQUHTXHVWDQGDWDQ\WLPH
to the parties, but to no one else
(ODUWGHODV5HJODVGH/&,$HVWDEOHFH
7KH$UELWUDO7ULEXQDOVKDOOPDNHLWV DZDUGLQZULWLQJDQGXQOHVV DOOSDUWLHVDJUHHLQZULWLQJ RWKHUZLVHVKDOO
VWDWHWKHUHDVRQVXSRQZKLFKLWVDZDUGLVEDVHG
15 El término “decisión” es usualmente referenciado en la mayoría de reglas arbitrales de diversas instituciones, pero
QXQFDHVGH¿QLGRRQLVLTXLHUDFRQWH[WXDOL]DGR9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR ,&&5XOHV$UWtFXORV\
ϮϬϱ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ŶŽ ĚĞďĞŶ ĚĞ ƐĞƌ ŽďũĞƚŽ ĚĞ
ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ͕ƐĂůǀŽĐŽŶƐĞŶƟŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞůĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ͘
>ĂƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚLJůĂĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ
ƐƵ ŵĄƐ ƌŽďƵƐƚŽ ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĞŶ
Ğů ĄŵďŝƚŽĚĞ ůĂƐ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƋƵĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂŶ
ůŽƐ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͘>ĂƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ LJ ĚĞů
/^ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂŶƵŶƉĞƐŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞĂƵŶĂ
ǀŝƌƚƵĂůĚŽĐƚƌŝŶĂ ŶŽͲĞƐĐƌŝƚĂƋƵĞ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞĞŶ ůĂ
ĂďƐŽůƵƚĂĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞůĂƐĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘
>ŽƐ ƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ ƐŽďƌĞůĂ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞ ůĂƐ
ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĞŶĞůĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůǀĂŶ
ĞŶƚŽŶŽĐŽŶůĂĂƌƋƵŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂƋƵĞĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂĂůĂ
ŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐşĂĚĞůĂƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ͕
ůĂŵŝƐŵĂƋƵĞĞŶĨĂƟnjĂƐŽďƌĞĞũĞĐƵƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ de
ůŽƐ ůĂƵĚŽƐĞŶ ǀĞnj ĚĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ͕Ž ƵŶĂ
revisión en segunda instancia.
Ŷ ĞƐƚĂ ůşŶĞĂ͕ ůŽƐ ĞŶĐĂƌŐĂĚŽƐ ĚĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ
ůĂƐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ƐĞ ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞŶ ĞŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽŝŵƉĞŶĞƚƌĂďůĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌĂƵŶĂ͞ĐĂũĂ
ŶĞŐƌĂ͘͟ ƉĞƐĂƌĚĞ ƋƵĞŚĂ ŚĂďŝĚŽĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽƐ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀŽƐĞŶƉƌŽĚĞůĂƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ƐĞƟĞŶĞ
ƋƵĞůŽƋƵĞ ĐŽŶĐŝĞƌŶĞĂ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĂƷŶƐĞ
ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞĞŶƵŶĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽŽƐĐƵƌŽƉŽƌƐƵƉƌŽƉŝŽ
ĚŝƐĞŹŽLJƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ͕ĞƐƚŽƉŽƌ ůĂƉƌŽƉŝĂĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ
ĚĞŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĂƌĞůĄŵďŝƚŽĚĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĐŝſŶũƵĚŝĐŝĂů
ĞŶ ůĂ ĞƚĂƉĂ ĚĞ ĞũĞĐƵĐŝſŶ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂ͘ DƵĐŚĂƐ ĨƵĞƌnjĂƐ ĐŽŶ ĞŶĐĞŶĚŝĚŽƐ
ƚŽƋƵĞƐ ŵĞƌĐĂŶƟůŝƐƚĂƐ ƋƵĞ ŝŶĐůƵLJĞŶ ;ŝͿ ůĂ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂĞŶƚƌĞůĂƐŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͕
;ŝŝͿƵŶĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽĚĞŵĂLJŽƌĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂĞŶƚƌĞ
ůŽƐ ĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐ͕ ;ŝŝŝͿ ŵĂLJŽƌ ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƉŽƌ
parte de los consumidores respectos a reglas
LJƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͕LJ ;ŝǀͿƵŶŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĞŶ
ůĂƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞůĂƵĚŽƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐƉƵďůŝĐĂĚŽƐ
por decisión voluntaria no han conllevado a
ƵŶĂƌĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞ ůĂƐďĂƐĞƐĚĞů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĞ͕
LJĂƐĞĂ ƉŽƌ ĚŝƐĞŹŽŽ ƉƌĂŐŵĄƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞŵĂLJŽƌ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ƌĞĚƵnjĐĂĞůĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĚŽ͞ĚĠĮĐŝƚĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͟
ĚĞĂĐĐĞƐŽĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͘ŶůĂŵĞĚŝĚĂ
ĞŶ ƋƵĞ ƐĞƌĞǀŝƐĂ ůĂ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ͕ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ
el concepto de transparencia no ha sido
ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂĚŽĞŶ ůĂƌƷďƌŝĐĂƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůLJ ĞŶ
ůĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂũƵƌşĚŝĐĂĚĞůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ ů ĮŶŽ ĐŽŵĞŶƚĂƌŝŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ŚĂ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂĚŽĐŽŶ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽĂ Ɛŝ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĐĂƌĞĐĞ ĚĞ
ƵŶ ĚĞƐĞŽ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ Ă ƉĞƐĂƌ ĚĞ ƐƵ
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͕ŚĂ ůůĞǀĂĚŽĂ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞƐ
ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ƐĞƌƐƵƐƚĞŶƚĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ ďĂƐĞĂ ƵŶĂ
ĨĞŶŽŵĞŶŽůŽŐşĂ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂŶ ůŽƐ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶƚĞƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďůĞƐ ĚĞ
ĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌĂ ĨŽŶĚŽĚŝĐŚŽ ĨĞŶſŵĞŶŽĞŶ ƉƌŝŵĞƌĂ
instancia.
Ŷ ǀĞnj ĚĞ ĐŽŶĐůƵŝƌ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƐĞ ĞƐƚĄ ƌĞŝŶͲ
ǀĞŶƚĂŶĚŽĞŶƐş ŵŝƐŵŽďĂƐĂĚŽ ĞŶƵŶ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ĚĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐƋƵĞĐŽŶůůĞǀĂŶĂ
ƵŶĂŵĂLJŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ƉĂƌĂůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉſƐŝƚŽƐ
ĚĞů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ƋƵĞ ďƵƐĐĂ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂƌ
ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂͬƌĞŐůĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ
Ă ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂ ĞŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐƚƌĂŶƐŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ƐĞƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞĚŝĐŚŽ
ĨĞŶſŵĞŶŽƐĞƐƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞĚĞ ƵŶĂĞdžƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ
ĐĂƵƐĂů ƋƵĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ƐƵ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽ
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶ Ă
ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕
LJ ŶŽ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ĨƵĞƌnjĂƐ ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞƐ ĚĞů ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽ͘
DĂLJŽƌ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ ůŽŐƌĂĚŽ
ƉŽƌƋƵĞ Ğů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵşĂ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƚĞ
ha ganado mayor capacidad tanto estructural
ĐŽŵŽŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͘ƐƚĞĂũƵƐƚĞƐƵƉĞƌůĂƟǀŽ
ĚĞů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĚĞ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵşĂ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂ
;ŝͿůĂƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƌĞůĂƟǀĂƐĂ
ůĂƵĚŽƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ƉƌĞǀŝĂŵĞŶƚĞĚĞƉƵƌĂĚŽƐ͕ ;ŝŝͿ
ŵĂLJŽƌƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƐƐŽďƌĞůŽƐ
ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƐƵƐƚĞŶƚĂŶ ůĂƐ ŽďũĞĐŝŽŶĞƐͬĂƉĞůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͕LJ;ŝŝŝͿƵŶŵĂLJŽƌĂĐĐĞƐŽĂůĂƐƌĂnjŽŶĞƐ
ƋƵĞƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞĐŝƐŽƌŝŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͘
DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ƋƵĞ ŵŽĚŝĮĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ
Ă ůĂƐ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞďĂŶ ĚĞ ƐĞƌ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚĂƐ͕ƚŽĚŽƐĞƐƚŽƐĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽƐƚŽĚĂǀşĂ
ƐŽŶ ƌĞůĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞdžŝŐƵŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŚĂ ůůĞŐĂĚŽ ĂƵŶ ŶŝǀĞů ƋƵĞ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ ƵŶĂ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ͘
>ŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ
ĞƐ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ ƉŽƌ ƐƵƐ ƉƌŽƉŝŽƐ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƐ
ƋƵĞ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶ Ăů ŵŝƐŵŽ͕ĚĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ ƐƵƌŐĞ ĚĞ
ƵŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŽ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ ĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞů ŵĂƌĐŽ ĚĞů
ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůƉƌŝǀĂĚŽLJ ĞŶĞů ƋƵĞƐĞ
ĂƉůŝĐĂ ůĂ ůĞLJ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐĐŝſŶ
ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚĂ͕ LJ ƐĞ ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂ ƐſůŽ ĐŽŶ ƵŶ
ĞǀĞŶƚŽŵŝĐƌŽĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽƋƵĞ ůŝŵŝƚĂ ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ
ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽ Ž ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ƉƷͲ
ďůŝĐŽ͘ ƵŶ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ Ğů ŶƷŵĞƌŽ ĚĞ ůĂƵĚŽƐ
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ĐĂŵƉŽ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ŚĂ ĂƵŵĞŶƚĂĚŽ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞϭϲ͕ůĂũƵƌŝƐƉƌƵĚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞĚŝĐŚŽƐ
16 8QDUHYLVLyQGHORVODXGRVSXEOLFDGRVSRUOD&iPDUDGH&RPHUFLR,QWHUQDFLRQDO&&,HQVXDQXDULR
&RPPHUFLDO$UELWUDWLRQ(GLFLRQHV$OOtVHUHÀHMDHOFUHFLPLHQWRHQ HOQ~PHURGHODXGRVGHHVWH
ϮϬϲ
63
/$1(&(6,'$''($5021,=$&,Ï1'(&21&(3726(1/26352&(',0,(1726'(5(62/8&,Ï1'(
&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
ůĂƵĚŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů WƌŝǀĂĚŽ
ĞƐůŝŵŝƚĂĚĂ͕ĚĂĚŽ ƋƵĞŶŽ ƐŽŶĚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐŝĂ
ŽďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ ƐŝŶŽ ƋƵĞ ƐſůŽ ƐŽŶ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ
ĚĞ ĂƵƚŽƌŝĚĂĚ ƉĞƌƐƵĂƐŝǀĂ͕ Ă ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ůŽ
ƋƵĞŽĐƵƌƌĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ /^͘ZĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞůŽƐ ůĂƵĚŽƐ
ĞŵŝƟĚŽƐĞŶ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌͲ
ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐĐŽŶƟĞŶĞŶƵŶĂĐŝƚĂĚĞŽƚƌŽƐůĂƵĚŽƐ͕
LJĂ ƐĞĂ ĐŽŵŽ ƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐŝĂ
ŽďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ Ž ĐŽŵŽ ƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƐ ŵĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ƉĞƌƐƵĂƐŝǀŽƐƋƵĞƐĞĂŶůĂďĂƐĞĚĞůĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐĞŶůĂ
emisión del laudo.
>ŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ Ž ŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞ Ɛ
ƐŽůĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ Ɛ ĂĐƌŝĮĐĂƌ ƐƵ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ ĚĞ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂ Ě LJ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ ďĂũŽ ƉĞ ŶĂ ĚĞ
ĚĞƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝnjĂƌƐĞ LJƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƌƐĞ ĂƐş ŵŝƐŵŽ
ĞŶ ƵŶĂ ŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐş Ă ĚĞ ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞĂ ůĂĨĞĐŚ ĂŶŽ
ĞdžŝƐƚĞLJ ƉĂƌĂůĂ ĐƵĂůŶŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĞƵŶĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂ
ĐĂƵƟǀĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵŝĚ ŽƌĞƐ͘ hŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂͬ
regla de transparencia puede encontrar
ƌĞƐŽŶĂŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ůŽƐ  ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ  LJ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚ Ž
ƐſůŽ Ɛŝ ;ŝͿ ĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚĂ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ Ă ŶŽƌŵĂ
ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĚĞĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶ ĂůƉƷďůŝĐŽ
LJƉ ƌŝǀĂĚŽ͕LJ ;ŝŝͿ ƐƵĂƉů ŝĐĂĐŝſŶƐĞ ůŝŵŝƚĂ Ă ůŽƐ
aspectos di screcionales de la resolución
ĚĞ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶ ĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ ƚĂů ĐŽŵŽ Ɛ ĞƌşĂ
ůĂ ĞƚĂƉĂ ĚĞ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝ ſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂ͘ ƐƚĂ
ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ƐĞůĞ ĐƟǀĂ ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂͬƌĞŐůĂ
ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂŵ ĞŶƚĞ ĂƌŵŽŶŝnjĂĚĂ LJ
ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂĚĂ ĐŽŶ ůĂ Ɛ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂƐ
ƋƵĞ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶ Ă ůĂ ƌĞƐ ŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĚŝƐƉƵƚĂƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ͕ƐŝŶĚĞƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝnjĂƌůĂŶŝƚƌĂŶƐͲ
formarla.
͘ ů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ;/Ϳ͕
ŚĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƵŶĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂƉƌŝǀĂƟƐƚĂĚĞů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞŽŵĞƌĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
ů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĂĚũƵĚŝĐĂ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ƐŽďƌĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐĚĞ şŶĚŽůĞƉƌŝǀĂĚŽ͕ ƐŽďƌĞ
ůĂ ďĂƐĞ ĚĞ ĐĂƵƐĂƐ ůĞŐĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ŽƌŝŐĞŶƉƌŝǀĂĚŽ
ĚĞŶƚƌŽ ĚĞ ƵŶ ŵĂƌĐŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
ůŝŵŝƚĂĚŽ ĚĞ ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ƌƷďƌŝĐĂ ŐĞŽƉŽůşƟĐĂ LJ
ƋƵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂĚŽ
ƉŽƌ ƵŶĂ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂů ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͘ ^ŝŶ
ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĚŝĐŚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ŚĂ ƐĞƌǀŝĚŽ ĚĞ
ďĂƐĞ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽϭϳ. La
ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ƐĞ ŝŶĐůƵLJĞ Ă ƵŶĂ ĞŶƟĚĂĚ
ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ ƋƵĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉŽŶĞ ƐƵƐ ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĞŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂ ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶşĂ͘ >ĂƐ ĐĂƵƐĂƐ ĚĞ
ůĂ ĂĐĐŝſŶ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂ ůĂ
ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝſŶ ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶ ĞŶ ƵŶ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽ͕ Ğů
ŵŝƐŵŽ ƋƵĞ ĞŵŝŶĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
ĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞůĚŽŵŝŶŝŽĚĞůĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
WƷďůŝĐŽϭϴ͘ĂĚŽƋƵĞůĂƐƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƐƵƌŐĞŶ
ĚĞƵŶƚƌĂƚĂĚŽĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕LJĂƐĞĂďŝůĂƚĞƌĂů
Ž ŵƵůƟůĂƚĞƌĂů͕ ĚŝĐŚŽƐ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐ ƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƚƌĂƚĂŶƐŽďƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐĞŶůĂƌĞůĂĐŝſŶŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
ƐƚĂĚŽLJůĂƐ ŽďůŝŐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌ
ĚĞůĂƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ŶĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ͕ĞůŽďũĞƚŽ
ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂ ƐĞ ƚŽƌŶĂ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ ĞŶ ƐƵ
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ͕ Ă ƉĞƐĂƌ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝſŶ
ŚĂLJĂƐŝĚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƵĞƐƚĂ ƉŽƌƵŶĂ ƉĂƌƚĞƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͕
el inversionistaϭϵ͘ů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ
usualmente transciende la mera asignación
ĚĞ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂƐ͕ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ
en parte involucra oponerse al ejercicio del
WLSR/DH[WHQVLyQGHORVODXGRVSXEOLFDGRVGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRGHDRVFLODHQWUHODVSDODEUDV
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resultados son limitados, en virtud de la publicación selectiva de laudos que realizan los editores del anuario
GHOD &&,³”, además de que la publicación de muchos de los laudos se
hacen sólo a manera de resumen. No obstante ello, asumiendo que otros factores permanecen constantes,
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pdf. “The system of investment dispute settlement has borrowed its main elements from the system of
commercial arbitration”.
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ϮϬϳ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
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ƉŽĚĞƌ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶŽ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƐƚĂĚŽ Ă ƚƌĂǀĠƐ ĚĞ
la imposición de mandatos regulatorios.
ƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ ĞƐ ĐŽŵƷŶ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ƐĞ ĨŽĐĂůŝĐĞŶ ĞŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌĞƐ
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽƐĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽƐ͕ůŽĐƵĂůĐŽŶůůĞǀĂĂƋƵĞ
ĞŶůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƐĞ ĚĠ ůƵŐĂƌ Ă ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ƚĂŶƚŽŵĂĐƌŽ ĐŽŵŽ
micro económicasϮϬ.
ůŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůƋƵĞ ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂ
ĂůĂ ƉƌŽƚĞĐĐŝſŶĚĞŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂ͕LJĂƐĞĂ ĞŶƚƌĞ
ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞdžƉŽƌƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ʹƐƚĂĚŽƐ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝnjĂĚŽƐʹ LJ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ
ĐĂƉŝƚĂůʹƐƚĂĚŽƐĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƐĚĞĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽʹ͕
se encuentra directamente formado y
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĚŽĞŶ ďĂƐĞ Ă ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ĚĞ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘ >ŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞŶŽ
ĂĨĞĐƚĂĂůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƉƷďůŝĐĂ ŶŝĂůĂƐƉŽůşƟĐĂƐ
ƉƷďůŝĐĂƐĚĞƵŶƐƚĂĚŽϮϭ͘ ůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
ƐƚĂĚŽƐĞŚĂ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚŽƐŽďƌĞƵŶĂ͞ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ
ĚĞ ůĂƵĚŽƐ ĞƐĐƌŝƚŽƐ͟ LJ ĚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
ŵŝƐŵŽƐ͕ ĞƐƚŽ ĞŶ ǀŝƌƚƵĚ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂad
hocLJĚĞůĂĐŽƌƚĂǀŝĚĂĚĞůŽƐƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐƋƵĞƐĞ
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞŶϮϮLJĞŶƋƵĞƐĞůŝŵŝƚĂůĂŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĐŝſŶ
ũƵĚŝĐŝĂů ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞƟƉŽ ĚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ ƉĞƌŽ
ĞƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞƐĞŹĂůĂƌƋƵĞ ĚŝĐŚŽƐůĂƵĚŽƐŶŽ ƐĞ
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞŶ ƚĂŵƉŽĐŽ ĐŽŵŽ ƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐŝĂŽďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂϮϯ. Las decisiones de los
ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞƐĞĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞŶ ƉĂƌĂ
ůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ;ŝͿƐŽŶƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽƐ
como documento persuasivo por parte de los
ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐ͕ LJ ;ŝŝͿ ĐŽŶ ĨƌĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĂŶ ůƵŐĂƌ Ă
ĞůĂďŽƌĂĚĂƐŽƉŝŶŝŽŶĞƐĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŝŽϮϰ.
/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚŝĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐ LJ
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶ ĞŶƚƌĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ LJ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ŚĂ ĂĚŽƉƚĂĚŽ ůĂƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐͲ
ƟĐĂƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͲĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ ƐƚĂ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĞƐ ǀĞƌĚĂĚĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂŶƚĞ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĚĞƌĞͲ
ĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƉƷďůŝĐŽ ƋƵĞ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ăů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘ Ŷ ĞƐƚĞ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ Ğů ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ
y la transparencia se encuentra ampliamente
ũƵƐƟĮĐĂĚŽƐ LJ ƐŽŶ ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝŽƐ͕ Ă ůĂ ůƵnj ĚĞ ůĂ
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂƉƷďůŝĐĂ ĚĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ LJ ĚĞů ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ ƋƵĞ
ƌŽĚĞĂ Ă ĞƐƚĂ ĄƌĞĂ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂů LJ ƋƵĞ ƌĞĚƵŶĚĂ
inmediatamente en las reclamaciones
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͕ LJ ƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞƐĨĞƌĂ
regulatoria del Estado receptor de las
inversiones. A pesar de la prominencia de
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las políticas, reglas o legislaciones de los países miembros y que usualmente tratan sobre la aplicación de
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relevantes relativos a la previa entrada de la inversión como a su posterior entrada, y se limitan a la petición
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ĞƐƚĂƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƐŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ
Ğů ĐĂƌĄĐƚĞƌ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞĐĞ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ
ĐƵĞƐƟſŶĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞŶůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
Estado.
͘ ůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
>Ă ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ŚĞĐŚŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĚŝĞƌĂŶ
ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂƌĂĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ƐŽďƌĞůĂŝŵƉĂƌĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ
Ğ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞů ĄƌďŝƚƌŽ ƐĞ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞŶ
ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƋƵĞ ŵĞƌĞĐĞ
ƵŶĂ ĂƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͘ ů ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ ƋƵĞ
ƌĞŐƵůĂ ůĂ ŽďůŝŐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƌĞǀĞůĂƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚĂ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƋƵĞůŽƐĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐ ĚĞďĞŶĚĞƐĞŐƵŝƌ
se encuentra contenida en las Directrices
ĚĞ ůĂ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů Ăƌ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ƐŽďƌĞ
ůŽƐ ŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ĚĞ /ŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ ĞŶ Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůʹůĂƐ ͞ŝƌĞĐƚƌŝĐĞƐ ĚĞůĂ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂͲ
ƟŽŶĂůĂƌƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ͟Ϯϱ .
ů ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚĞ͕ ƐŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĐŽŶͲ
ĐĞƌŶŝĞŶƚĞ Ă ůĂƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ LJ
ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶƋƵĞĂƋƵşƐĞĂŶĂůŝnjĂŶ͕
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ƐƵƐ ͞ǀĞƐƟŐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ͟ ĞŶ
Ğů ŵĄdžŝŵŽ ĞƐĐƌƵƟŶŝŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂ ƐŽďƌĞ
ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶĞƐĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐƋƵĞŶŽŚĂŶƐŝĚŽŽďũĞƚĂĚĂƐ
ƉĞƌŽ ƋƵĞƌĞŇĞũĂŶ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐŽďũĞƚĂďůĞƐ͘ >ŽƐ
ĞũĞŵƉůŽƐ ŵĄƐ ƷƟůĞƐ ƐŽŶ ĂƋƵĞůůŽƐ ĚŽŶĚĞ͕
como en el caso ^'^ ǀ͘ WĂŬŝƐƚĄŶϮϲ͕ ĐĂƐŽ ĞŶ
Ğů ĐƵĂůůŽƐ ĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐ ƋƵĞŶŽ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ŽďũĞƚŽĚĞ
ŽďũĞĐŝſŶ ĂůŐƵŶĂ͕ ĚĞĐŝĚŝĞƌŽŶ ƐŽďƌĞ Ğů ĂƐƵŶƚŽ
ůŝƟŐŝŽƐŽ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ůĂŵĞŶƚĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ĨĂůůĂƌŽŶ Ăů
ŶŽ ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂƌ ƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ ƋƵĞ
ũƵƐƟĮĐĂƌĂƐƵĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂƐŽďƌĞĞůĐĂƐŽ͘
hŶĂƌĞĐŝƚĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞƚĂůůĂĚĂĚĞ ůŽƐŚĞĐŚŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů
caso de ^'^ ǀ͘ WĂŬŝƐƚĄŶ no es necesaria. Es
ƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂƌƋƵĞůĂ ƉĂƌƚĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞ
ŽďũĞƚſƐŽďƌĞůĂďĂƐĞĚĞ ƋƵĞĞůĂďŽŐĂĚŽĚĞůĂ
ƉĂƌƚĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĂĚĂŚĂďşĂƉƌĞƐŝĚŝĚŽƵŶƚƌŝďƵŶĂů
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂů ĞŶ ŽƚƌŽ ĂƐƵŶƚŽ ĞŶ Ğů ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŚĂďşĂ
ĞŵŝƟĚŽƵŶůĂƵĚŽĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞƉĂƌĂĞůĚĞŵĂŶĚĂĚŽ
en dicho procedimiento. La proposición
ƐƵďLJĂĐĞŶƚĞ ďĂũŽ ůĂ ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ
ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞƐƵďLJĂĐĞĞŶƋƵĞ ĞůĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐŽďƌĞ
ƋƵŝĠŶ ƐĞŽďũĞƚĂďĂ ƐƵ ŝŵƉĂƌĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ƚĞŶşĂ ĞŶ
cierto modo un rasgo de inmoralidad para
ŽƚŽƌŐĂƌ ƵŶĂ ĚĞĐŝƐŝſŶ ĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞ ƚĂů ĐŽŵŽ ůŽ
ƐĞŹĂůſĞůĂďŽŐĂĚŽĞŶ ĞůĐĂƐŽ^'^ǀ͘WĂŬŝƐƚĄŶ͕
ĂůŝŶĚŝĐĂƌƋƵĞĚŝĐŚŽůĞƚƌĂĚŽƉƌĞƐŝĚŝſĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂů
en el caso njŝŶŝĂŶǀ͘hŶŝƚĞĚDĞdžŝĐĂŶ^ƚĂƚĞƐϮϳ.
ů ƌĞĐŚĂnjĂƌ ůĂ ŽďũĞĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ Ă ůŽ
ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝĚŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĂƌơĐƵůŽƐ ϱϳ LJ ϭϰ;ϭͿ ĚĞů
ŽŶǀĞŶŝŽĚĞůĞŶƚƌŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĚĞƌƌĞŐůŽ
ĚĞŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐZĞůĂƟǀĂƐĂ/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ;//Ϳ͕
ůŽƐ ĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƌŽŶ ƋƵĞ ͞΀ƚ΁ŚĞ ƉĂƌƚLJ
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐĂŶĂƌďŝƚƌĂƚŽƌŵƵƐƚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĨĂĐƚƐ͕
ŽĨĂŬŝŶĚŽƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌĂƐƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůLJƚŽŐŝǀĞƌŝƐĞ
to the inference that the person challenged
ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ŵĂLJ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ƌĞůŝĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŽ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ
ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐĂƐĞ
ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŝƐ ŵĂĚĞ͟Ϯϴ. El centro del
análisis de opinión sirve como un paradigma
ĞũĞŵƉůŝĮĐĂƟǀŽ ĚĞ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂŵŽƐ Ğů
͞ǀĞƐƟŐŝŽƉƌŝǀĂƟƐƚĂ͗͟
͞/ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŵŵŽŶƉůĂĐĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŽĨĂĐƟǀĞĂƌďŝƚƌĂƚŽƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀĞ ůŝƟŐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ
ďŽƚŚƐŵĂůůĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ͕ŶŽƚŝŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚĞƚǁŽ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŵĂLJŽǀĞƌůĂƉ͕ƐĞƋƵĞŶƟĂůůLJŝĨ ŶŽƚ
simultaneously. /ƚ ŝƐ ǁŝĚĞůLJ ĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ
ƐƵĐŚ ĂŶ ŽǀĞƌůĂƉ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ͕ ďLJ ŝƚƐĞůĨ͕ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ
ŐƌŽƵŶĚĨŽƌ ĚŝƐƋƵĂůŝĨLJŝŶŐĂŶ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂƚŽƌϮϵ͟. ΊEl
ĠŶĨĂƐŝƐĞƐŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ΁
ůƌĞĐƵƌƐŽĚĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĂůƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ͞ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͟ Ž ͞commonplace know-ledge͟ ƋƵĞͲ
ďƌĂŶƚĂ ƐƵ ƉƌŽƉŝĂ ůĞŐŝƟŵŝĚĂĚ LJ ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂ Ă
ĐŽŶĐůƵŝƌƋƵĞƐƵƐƌĂnjŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐƐĞŚŝĐŝĞƌŽŶƐŝŶ
ŵƵĐŚĂĨŽƌƚƵŶĂ͘>Ă ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƋƵĞƐĞ ŚĂĐĞ ĞŶ
Ğů ĐĂƐŽ ĂŶƚĞƐŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĂĚŽ ƐŽďƌĞĞů ͞ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŽ
ĚĞůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͟
25 (QKWWSZZZLEDQHWRUJ'RFXPHQW'HIDXOWDVS["'RFXPHQW8LG &))$$))&&.
26 6*6 Société Genérale de Surveil lance S.A. v. Islami c Republic of Pak istan&DV R,&6,' $5% 
'HFLVLRQ RQ&ODLPDQW ¶V3URSRVDOWR'LVTXDOLI\$UELWUD WRU,&6,'5HS³SGS v. Pakistan”.
 5REHUW$]LQLDQY8QLWHG0H[LFDQ6WDWHV &DVR,&6,'1R$5%$)
28 Traducción libre: ³/DSDUWHTXHREMHWDODQHXWUDOLGDG GHXQiUELWURGHEH GHHVWDEOHFHUORVKHFKRVTXH VHDQ
GHWHUPLQDWLYRVSDUDGDUOXJDUDODLQIHUHQFLDGHTXH ODSHUVRQDREMHWDGDFODUDPHQWHQRSXHGHVHUFRQ¿DEOH
SDUDHOHMHUFLFLRLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHMXVWLFLDHQ HOSDUWLFXODUFDVRHQHOFXDOODREMHFLyQKD
sido realizada”.
29 7UDGXFFLyQ OLEUH “Es de conocimiento general que en el universo del arbitra comercial internacional,
la comunidad de árbitros activos y de litigantes activos son tan pequeñas que frecuentemente ambas
comunidades coinciden, ya sea de manera secuencial o simultánea. Es aceptado generalmente que tal
FRLQFLGHQFLDR VRODSDPLHQWR QR HV SRU VL PLVPR XQ DUJXPHQWR VX¿FLHQWH SDUD GHVFDOL¿FDU D XQ
árbitro>(OpQIDVLVHVQXHVWUR@
ϮϬϵ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĞƐ ŝŐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌƚĂŶƚĞ͘ ůůŽ͕ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ
el procedimiento sub judice surge de una
ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽƐŽďƌĞůĂďĂƐĞĚĞƵŶ
dƌĂƚĂĚŽŝůĂƚĞƌĂůĚĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ;͞d/͟ͿƐƵƐĐƌŝƚŽ
ĞŶƚƌĞůĂƐZĞƉƷďůŝĐĂ/ƐůĄŵŝĐĂĚĞWĂŬŝƐƚĄŶLJ^ƵŝnjĂ͘
WŽƌƚĂŶƚŽ͕ůĂƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĂƉƌŽƉŝĂĚĂĚĞďŝſŚĂďĞƌ
ƐŝĚŽĂů͞ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŽĚĞůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘͟
ŶŽƚƌĂƐƉĂůĂďƌĂƐ͕ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐƐƵƐƚĂŶĐŝĂůĞƐ
ĞŶůŽƐĂƌơĐƵůŽƐϱϳLJϭϰĚĞůĂŽŶǀĞŶĐŝſŶ//
ƋƵĞƉŽĚƌşĂŶŚĂďĞƌƐŝĚŽ ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂĚŽƐ͕ LJ ŚĂďĞƌ
ƐŝĚŽ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĚĞ ǀĂůŽƌĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶ ƵŶ ůĂƵĚŽ ƋƵĞ
ĐŽŶĐŝĞƌŶĞƐŽďƌĞĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐƉƷďůŝĐŽ
LJƋƵĞĚĞďĞƐĂƟƐĨĂĐĞƌůĂƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟǀĂƐƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ
ƋƵĞĂƚĂŹĞŶĂůŵŝƐŵŽLJƋƵĞǀĂŶŵĄƐĂůůĄĚĞůŽƐ
ƉƌŽƉŝŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ ĚĞ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ƉĂƌƚĞƐ͘ ů ĞƐĐƵĚĂƌƐĞƐŽďƌĞ ĞůŶŽďĞů ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ
ĚĞ ͞ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͟ Ž commonplace
knowledge perteneciente al universo del
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ĐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂ
Ğů ĐĂƌĄĐƚĞƌ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ Ăů ƌĞĨĞƌŝƌƐĞ Ăů ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŽ
ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĐŽŵƉĂƌƟĚŽ͕ ŵĄƐ ĂůůĄ ĚĞ
ĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŽƌĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ǀĞĐĞƐ ŶŽ
ƟĞŶĞŶ ůĂ ĨƵĞƌnjĂ Ŷŝ Ğů ƐƵƐƚĞŶƚŽ ƋƵĞ ŝƌƌŽŐĂ Ğů
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽ ĞƐĐƌŝƚŽ͘ ƵŶ ƉĞŽƌ͕ ĂƵŶ ĂƐƵŵŝĞŶĚŽ
ƋƵĞůŽƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽƐ ĚĞ͞ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂů͟
LJ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂŵŽƐ ĐŽŵŽ ͞ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŽ ĚĞů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂů /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͟ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶ
ĐŽŶƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƌŝŐŽƌLJĐůĂƌŝĚĂĚ͕ĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂƋƵĞ
ƉƌĞŵŝƐĂƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞƐƋƵĞĐŝƌĐƵŶĚĂŶĂůĂƐŶŽƌŵĂƐͬ
ƌĞŐůĂƐůĞŐĂůĞƐƉƵĞĚĞŶƐĞƌŝŶĨĞƌŝĚĂƐĚĞĠƐƚŽƐ͕ƐĞ
ƟĞŶĞƋƵĞůĂ ŽƉŝŶŝſŶƋƵĞ ĞŵŝƚĞĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞŶ
ĞůĐĂƐŽ ^'^ŚĂĐĞ ƉŽĐŽŵĄƐ ƋƵĞĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞƌ Ğů
ĞƐƚĂƚƵƐƋƵŽĚĞůĂƉƌĄĐƟĐĂĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͕ĞůŵŝƐŵŽƋƵĞ
ĞƐƵŶĂƌĂnjſŶŵĄƐƋƵĞƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƉĂƌĂĞǀŝƚĂƌƵŶ
análisis detallado.
&͘ ů͞sĞƐƟŐŝŽWƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ͟ĞŶůĂƌĞĚĂĐĐŝſŶ
ĚĞů>ĂƵĚŽ
ůĐĂƌĄĐƚĞƌƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽĞŶůĂƌĞĚĂĐĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶůĂƵĚŽ
ĞƐ ƵŶ ůĞŐĂĚŽ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ ƐĞ ĐĂƌĄĐƚĞƌ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ ƐĞ
ƌĞĮĞƌĞ Ă ůĂ ƌĞŶƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂƌƐĞ ĞŶ ƵŶ
ĚĞŶƐŽĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ͕ĞŶǀŝƌƚƵĚ ĚĞůĐƵĂůƵŶĂ
conclusión sea el resultado de una detallada
ƉƌĞŵŝƐĂ͘ dĂů ĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĐŝſŶ ĞƐ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ŝŶĂƉƌŽƉŝĂĚĂĞŶĂƋƵĞůůŽƐĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͕ĐŽŵŽĞƐĞů
ĐĂƐŽĚĞůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͕ĞŶƋƵĞ;ŝͿůĂ
ĐƵĞƐƟſŶŽŝŶƚĞƌĠƐƉƷďůŝĐŽƐĞĂŶŽƚŽƌŝŽLJ ;ŝŝͿůĂ
ũƵƌŝƐƉƌƵĚĞŶĐŝĂĂƌďŝƚƌĂůƋƵĞĞƐĨƌĞĐƵĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ
ƵƟůŝnjĂĚĂĐŽŵŽĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌƐƵĂƐŝǀŽLJĐŽŵŽ
ƵŶĂĐĂũĂĚĞƉĂŶĚŽƌĂĚĞƉŽƐŝĐŝŽŶĞƐũƵƌşĚŝĐĂƐƋƵĞ
ĂƐƵ ǀĞnjƉƵĞĚĞŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵŝƌĂ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌůŽƐ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐ ďĄƐŝĐŽƐĚĞů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ͕ĞŶ ǀŝƌƚƵĚ ĚĞ
ůŽƐĐƵĄůĞƐƚĂŶƚŽĚĞ ůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĐŽŵŽ Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
ƐƚĂĚŽƐĞƐƵƐƚĞŶƚĂŶ͕LJƋƵĞƐŽŶ͗ůĂƵŶŝĨŽƌŵŝĚĂĚ͕
ůĂƉƌĞĚŝĐƟďŝůŝĚĂĚ͕ĞůĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕
LJůĂĂƵƚŽŶŽŵşĂĚĞƉĂƌƚĞ͘
DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƉŽĚƌşĂ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌƐĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŶͲ
sonancia con los mecanismos formales y
ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ Ğů ŚĞĐŚŽ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ůĂƵĚŽƐ
ƐĞĂŶ ĂďƌĞǀŝĂĚŽƐ͕ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂ
ƉƌŽƚĞĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ Ăů
ĞŵŝƟƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ ůŝŵŝƚĂĚĂƐ ďĂƐĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ Ğů
ĨŽŶĚŽ ĚĞů ĂƐƵŶƚŽ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ĐůĂƌĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ
ĞǀŝƚĂƌ ƋƵĞ ĞƐƚĄƐ ƐĞĂŶ ƌĞĐƵƌƌŝĚĂƐ ĂŶƚĞ ƵŶĂ
ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂŝŶƐƚĂŶĐŝĂ͕ůŽŵŝƐŵŽŶŽƐĞƉƵĞĚĞĚĞĐŝƌ
ĚĞůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽĞŶůŽƐƋƵĞůĂƐ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐƉƷďůŝĐŽƐŽŶ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞƐ͘
Ŷ ƚĂů ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐůĞŐĂůĞƐ ĂďƌĞǀŝĂĚŽƐ͕Ă
ƉĞƐĂƌĚĞůŽĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀŽĚĞůĂƐƉĄŐŝŶĂƐĚĞĂůŐƵŶŽƐ
ĚĞůŽƐ ůĂƵĚŽƐƋƵĞƐĞ ĨŽĐĂůŝnjĂŶĞdžĐĞƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ
en una narración detallada de los hechos
LJ ƵŶĂ ĞdžƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶ ĞdžƚĞŶƐĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉŽƐŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞ ůĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ͕ ĞŶ ĚĞƚƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞ ƵŶ ƌŝŐƵƌŽƐŽ
ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ ůĂƐ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĚĞ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƉƷďůŝĐŽ
ƋƵĞĚĂŶƐŽƉŽƌƚĞĂůĂƐĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂů
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͕ƐŽůĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂĚŽ ƉŽƌ
ƵŶĂ ĞdžƉŽƌƚĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟƐƚĂ ĚĞů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐŚĂĐŝĂĞů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘
///͘ > j ^Yh  dZ E^WZ E/
E >  Z/dZ : / EsZ^K Zͳ^ͳ
dK͕ WZ K EK hE  EKZDͬ
Z'> dZ E^WZ E/
ůǀĞƐƟŐŝŽ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽĚĞ ůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌͲ
ĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ĞƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͕ Ă ƚƌĂǀĠƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐ ƉŽƌ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƌ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐŶŽƌŵĂƐ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƐŽďƌĞ ƵŶĂ ŐĂŵĂ ĚĞ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐƋƵĞǀĂŶĚĞƐĚĞĞůĂĐĐĞƐŽƉƷďůŝĐŽ Ă
ůŽƐƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ͕ůĂƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞůĂƵĚŽƐ͕
ůĂ ĐĂƉĂĐŝĚĂĚ ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ
;amicusͿ͕ ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ
;amicusͿ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ͕LJ Ğů ĂĐĐĞƐŽ
ƉƷďůŝĐŽĂĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽϯϬ.
ů//ƐĞŚĂĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĂĚŽĐŽŶĞůƌĞƚŽĚĞƚĞŶĞƌ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ŽƌĚĞŶ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ ĞŶ ĨĂǀŽƌĚĞ ůĂ
transparencia y el acceso. El cumplir con tales
30 9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR: Methanex Corporation v. United States of America. Decision of the Tribunal on Petition
IURP7KLUG3HUVRQVWR,QWHUYHQHDVAmici Curiae. 2001.
ϮϭϬ
63
/$1(&(6,'$''($5021,=$&,Ï1'(&21&(3726(1/26352&(',0,(1726'(5(62/8&,Ï1'(
&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂƐ ĞƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞ ĚŝİĐŝů ĚĂĚĂ ůĂ
ƉŽĐĂƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞŵŽĚŝĮĐĂƌ ůŽƐ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ
ĚĞů ƉƌŽƉŝŽ ŽŶǀĞŶŝŽ //͘ ƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ Ğů
ƉƌŽƉŝŽ // ĐŽŵŽ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ͕ Ăů ĂĚŽƉƚĂƌ
ƐƵƐƉŽůşƟĐĂƐĚĞďĞĚĞŚĂĐĞƌůŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂŶĚŽ ƵŶ
ĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽĚĞũƵĞŐŽĞŶĞůƋƵĞƐĞĞŶƚƌĞŵĞnjĐůĂŶ
ůŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞdžƉŽƌƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ
ĚĞ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů LJ ůŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĂşƐĞƐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ͘>ĂĂĚŽƉĐŝſŶĚĞƌĞŐůĂƐ͕ƉŽůşƟĐĂƐ
LJƌĞŐƵůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƉŽƌƉĂƌƚĞĚĞ//ĚĞďĞůŽŐƌĂƌ
ƵŶ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ƋƵĞ ĂƌŵŽŶŝĐĞ ůŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ ĚĞ
ƐƵƐ ƉŽƚĞŶĐŝĂůĞƐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞƐ͕ ŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƋƵĞ
Ăů ŵŝƐŵŽ ƟĞŵƉŽ ƐĞ ĚĞďĞ ƐĂůǀĂŐƵĂƌĚĂƌ ůĂƐ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĐůĄƐŝĐĂƐ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ Ă ůĂ ƐŽďĞͲ
ƌĂŶşĂ ĚĞů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ͕
ƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͕ ůĂƐŵŝƐŵĂƐ
ƋƵĞŚĂŶƐŝĚŽƌĞĐůĂŵĂĚĂƐƉŽƌĚŝĐŚŽƐƐƚĂĚŽƐϯϭ.
͘ >ĂƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĂĚĞů//
ŶůŽƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽĚĞůĂ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌşĂ
ĚĞů //͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ĂƋƵĞů ĚĞ DĂLJŽ ϭϮ
ĚĞ ϮϬϬϱ͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƐƵŐŝƌŝĞƌŽŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ
ĐĂŵďŝŽƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐ͕ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĞƐƚŽƐ ĂůŐƵŶŽƐ
referidos a mayor acceso a los procedimientos
ƉŽƌƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ͕ƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐůĂƵĚŽƐ͕
ĞŶƚƌĞŽƚƌŽƐ͕ĂůƐĞŹĂůĂƌƐĞƉŽƌĞũĞŵƉůŽ͗
͞dŚĞ ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ WĂƉĞƌ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ
ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌLJ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝͲ
ĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂǁĂƌĚƐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ďLJ ƚŚŝƌĚ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ƚŽ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĐůŽƐƵƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ŽĨĂƌďŝƚƌĂƚŽƌƐ͟ϯϮ.
DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽ  ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ
ƚƌĂďĂũŽ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ  ĚĞ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞ
ůŽƐ ĐĂŵďŝŽƐ ƉƌŽƉƵ ĞƐƚŽƐ͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ
ĞŶ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĂ Ă ů ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐ
partes al procedimiento presentó ciertos
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ Ŷ Ž ƚĂŶ ĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞƐ͘ >ŽƐ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ Ɛ Ğ ĞdžƉƌĞƐĂƌŽŶ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ
ďĂƐĞ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ĐƵĂů ƋƵŝĞƌ ŵĞĚŝĚĂ Ž ĨŽƌŵĂ
por la c ual se permita el acceso a terceras
ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ĂƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞ ŶƚŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͕ ĚĞďĞƌşĂ
de e ncontrarse sujeta a determin adas
ĐŽŶĚŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ĞŐƵƌĂŶĚŽ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕
ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞ Ɛ ƉŽƌ ŵĞĚŝŽ ĚĞ ƐƵ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ Ŷ Ž ĂĨĞĐƚĞŶ ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ
de las pa rtes en un procedim iento. Es
ŵĞŶĞƐƚĞƌƌĞƐĂů ƚĂƌ͕ƋƵĞ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂĚĞůĂ ƐƌĞŐůĂƐ
ƐŽďƌĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ  ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŝůƵƐƚƌĂŶ ĞŶ Ğů
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ƚƌĂďĂũŽĚĞ // ŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĂŶ
ĚĞŵŽĚ ŽĂůŐƵŶŽ ůĂƐƉĂů ĂďƌĂƐĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐ ŝĂů o
ƉƌŝǀĂĚŽ en alguna forma.
͘ ZĞ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ĚĞů ĐĂƐŽ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž LJ ůĂ
ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĚĞ ƵŶĂ dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂEŽƌͲ
ŵĂƟǀĂ
ŶůŽƋƵĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĂĂ ƉĂƌƚĞƐƋƵĞŶŽƐŽŶƉĂƌƚĞ
ĚĞ ƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ Ɖ ĞƌŽ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ
ĞŶĞ ůŵŝƐŵŽ͕ ƐĞƟ ĞŶĞƋƵĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐƚƌŝďƵŶ ĂůĞƐ
ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĞůĂ ĮŐƵƌĂĚĞů amici curiae͕
ĞŶ ǀŝƌƚƵĚĚĞ ůĂ ĐƵĂů ƵŶĚĞƚĞƌŵ ŝŶĂĚŽ:Ƶ ĞnjŽ
dƌŝďƵŶĂů:ƵĚŝĐŝĂůƉƵĞĚĞĂĚŵŝƟ ƌůĂƐƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ
de dichas par tes. Como casos relevantes
ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂƐ ĮŐƵƌĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ŵ ĂƚĞƌŝĂ ƋƵĞ ĂƋƵş
ĂƚĞŶĚĞŵŽƐ͕ ƐĞ ĞŶĐ ƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ůĂƐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ
de admisión d e amici curiae ĞŵŝƟĚĂƐ ĞŶ Ğů
ĂŹŽ ϮϬϬϭ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĐĂ ƐŽƐ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž ŽƌƉ͘ ǀ͘
United States of America33 y hŶŝƚĞĚ WĂƌ ĐĞů
Service of America Inc. v. Govern ment of
Canada.ϯϰ Ŷ ĂŵďŽ Ɛ ĐĂƐŽƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵ ůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞ
Ğů ĚĞ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž ƉŽƌƋƵ Ğ ĂƚĂŹĞ Ă ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ Ğ Ŷ ůŽƐ ĐĂŵƉŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ
ƐĂůƵĚ LJ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚ ĂĚ͕ ĞŶ ĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƐ ŶĞƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
regulatorios e n el campo de medidas
ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞ Ɛ͕ƋƵĞĨƵĞ ŽďũĞƚŽĚĞĐŽŶ ƐŝͲ
ĚĞƌĂďůĞƐ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůů ŽƐ ůŝƚĞƌĂƌŝŽƐϯϱ. Para los
propósitos del análisis no será necesario
ƌĞǀŝƐĂƌ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶƚŽƌŶŽ Ɛ ĨĄĐƟĐŽƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ
antes mencionad os.
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org.
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Curiae. 2001.
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,QWHUYHQWLRQDQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQDVAmici Curiae. 2001.
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63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
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Ŷ ůĂ ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂĚĞ ͞ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂƌ Ğů ĐĂƐŽ͟ĐŽŶ
ůĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƌ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ
ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĂ ƐĞƌ
incorporada al muy limitado campo de la
resolución de disputas internacionales en el
ĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƋƵĞƐĞƌĞĮĞƌĞĂůĂŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶĚĞƉƌƵĞďĂ͕
ƐĞƌĄƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƌƵŶĞƐƚƵĚŝŽĂŶĂůşƟĐŽ
ƐŽďƌĞůĂƐďĂƐĞƐƐŽďƌĞůĂƐĐƵĂůĞƐƐƵďLJĂĐĞĞůĐĂƐŽ
DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž͕ĞůŵŝƐŵŽƋƵĞĞŶƐſůŽƵŶĂ ŽĐĂƐŝſŶ
hace referencia a la transparenciaϯϲƉĞƌŽƋƵĞ
Ă ůĂ ǀĞnj ŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĂ Ğů ĞƐĐƌƵƟŶŝŽ ĚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ
ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĂ ĨĂǀŽƌ
ĚĞ ƵŶ ƌŝŐŽƌ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂů ƋƵĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞ ĚĞů
ůĞŶŐƵĂũĞƚĞdžƚƵĂůĚĞůĂƐƌĞŐůĂƐƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ
ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ͘ Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ Ğů ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ĚĞů ĐĂƐŽ
DĞƚŚĂŶĞdžϯϳ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ƐĞ ĞŶĨƌĞŶƚſ Ă ůĂƐ ŽďũĞͲ
ĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĚĂƐ ĐŽŶƚƌĂůĂƐ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ
amici curiae͕ ďĂũŽ ůĂ ƚĞŽƌşĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƉŽĚƌşĂ
ĚĞƐŽďĞĚĞĐĞƌ Ğů ĂƌơĐƵůŽ Ϯϱ;ϰͿ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ
ĚĞ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ĚĞ EhD/ϯϴ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂ
ƋƵĞůĂƐĂƵĚŝĞŶĐŝĂƐƐĞĂŶƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚĂƐ͞ĞŶƉƵĞƌƚĂ
ĐĞƌƌĂĚĂ͟ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌſƋƵĞĞůĄŵďŝƚŽĚĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ŶŽ ĞƌĂ
ƵŶĂ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ĐƵĂů ĚĞďĞƌşĂ ĚĞĐŝĚŝƌ
ĚŝĐŚŽƚƌŝďƵŶĂůϯϵ͘ WĞƌŽůĂĚŝƐĐƵƐŝſŶ ƐŽďƌĞĞƐƚĞ
ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐŽďƌĞĞůĐƵĂůĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůŶŽ
ĚĞĐŝĚŝſ͕LJůĂƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŽƌŝĂƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĂůďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůƋƵĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĂĚĞůĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϭƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽ
Ă ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ůĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ŚĂĐĞ ĂůƵƐŝſŶ Ă ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐŵĄƐ ĂďŝĞƌƚŽƐ
y transparentesϰϬ͕ůĂ ĚĞĐŝƐŝſŶ ĞƐ ĐĂƌĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ LJ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ
ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƋƵĞ;ŝͿ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶĚĞĮŶŝƌ
Ăů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŽ ͞ƉƌŝǀĂĚŽ͟ Ž
͞ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂů͕͟ Ž;ŝŝͿ ƋƵĞƚĞŶŐĂŶ ĂůŐƷŶĞĨĞĐƚŽ
ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĨƵƚƵƌŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͘ ů
ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĚĞů ĐĂƐŽDĞƚŚĂŶĞdžĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌſƋƵĞ Ŷŝ
E&dϰϭŶŝ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ EhD/ ůŝŵŝƚĂďĂŶ
ůĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶĚĞ ůŽƐƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĚŽƐ
como amici curiae͘ůĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂƌĞƐƚĂƌĞŐůĂ͕ƐĞ
ƐƵƐƚĞŶƚĂƌŽŶƐŽďƌĞĞů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĚĞ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵşĂ
ĚĞƉĂƌƚĞ͕ĂƵŶĐƵĂŶĚŽůĂƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ
ŶŽƐĞĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂďĂƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂĚĂ͘ hŶĂƌĞǀŝƐŝſŶĂů
ƌĂnjŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐŵƵLJƷƟů͘
>Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ ƉƷďůŝĐĂ ĚĞů ĐĂƐŽ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž͕
ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚĂ Ă ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ͕ ƐĂůƵĚ LJ
ƌĞŐƵůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ ŶŽƐ ĐŽŶͲ
ůůĞǀĂ Ă ŚĂĐĞƌ ƵŶĂ ďƌĞǀĞ ŶĂƌƌĂĐŝſŶ ƉĂƌĂ
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂůŝnjĂƌĞůĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ĚĞůĂƐƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞ
los amici curiae͕ůĂƐ ŵŝƐŵĂƐ ƋƵĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƌŽŶ
ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĐůĄƐŝĐĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞůŽƋƵĞ ĞƐĞů ĂĐĐĞƐŽ
ƉƷďůŝĐŽ͘ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž ďĂũŽ ƐƵƐ ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶ
ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ LJ ǀĞŶƚĂĚĞ ƵŶ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽ Ă ďĂƐĞ
ĚĞ ŵĞƚĂŶŽů ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ ĨƵĞƌĂ ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽĞŶ ůĂƐ
ŐĂƐŽůŝŶĂƐ͕ Ğů ŵŝƐŵŽ ƋƵĞ ĞƐ ĐŽŶŽĐŝĚŽ ƉŽƌ
ƐƵ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶ ŝŶŐůĠƐ ĐŽŵŽ ŵĞƚŚLJů
ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJͲďƵƚLJůĞƚŚĞƌ ;͞Dd͟Ϳ͘^Ğ ĂĮƌŵſƋƵĞ
Ğů Dd ĞƌĂ ƵŶ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽ ƐĞŐƵƌŽ͕ ĞĨĞĐƟǀŽ
LJ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ͘ ů ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞ ĂůĞŐſ ƋƵĞ Ğů
Dd ƚĞŶşĂ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ
LJ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂďĂƌŝĞƐŐŽ ĂůŐƵŶŽ Ă ůĂ ƐĂůƵĚ
ŚƵŵĂŶĂ Ž Ăů ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞϰϮ͘ dĂŵďŝĠŶƐĞ
ƐĞŹĂůſ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞ ŶŽ ƐĞ ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌſ
ĞŶůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶLJ ǀĞŶƚĂĚĞ Dd͕ƐŝŶŽ ƋƵĞ
ƐſůŽ ƐĞ ůŝŵŝƚſ Ă ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞLJ
ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐĚĞů ŵĞƚĂŶŽůϰϯ͘>Ă ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů
ĚĞůĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂĞƌĂƋƵĞ ;ŝͿŶŽ ŚĂďşĂŶƉůĂŶƚĂƐ
0DULVD³7KH)XWXUH RI(QYLURQPHQWDO5HJXODWLRQDIWHU $UWLFOHRI1$)7$$/RRNDW WKH0HWKDQH[DQG
0HWDOFODG&DVHV´(Q1RUWKZHVWHUQ-RXUQDORI(QYLURPHQWDQG3ROLF\ 2002-2003.
36 Methanex v. United States'HFLVLRQ RIWKH 7ULEXQDORQ3HWLWLRQ IURP7KLUG 3HUVRQVWR ,QWHUYHQHDV Amici
CuriaeS³7KHUHLVDQXQGRXEWHGO\SXEOLFLQWHUHVWLQWKLVDUELWUDWLRQ7KHVXEVWDQWLYHLVVXHVH[WHQG
far beyond those raised by the usual transnational arbitration between commercial parties. This is not merely
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of no greater general public importance than a dispute between private persons. The public interest in this
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DUJXPHQWDVVXJJHVWHGE\WKH5HVSRQGHQWDQG&DQDGDWKH &KDSWHUDUELWUDOSURFHVVFRXOGEHQH¿WIURP
EHLQJSHUFHLYHGDV PRUHRSHQRUWUDQVSDUHQW RUFRQYHUVHO\EHKDUPHG LIVHHQDVXQGXO\ VHFUHWLYH,QWKLV
UHJDUGWKH7ULEXQDO¶VZLOOLQJQHVVWRUHFHLYHDPLFXVVXEPLVVLRQVPLJKWVXSSRUWWKHSURFHVVLQJHQHUDODQGWKLV
DUELWUDWLRQLQSDUWLFXODUZKHUHDVDEODQNHWUHIXVDOFRXOGGRSRVLWLYHKDUP´
 (O SDQHO VH HQFRQWUDED LQLFLDOPHQWH FRQVWLWXLGR SRU :LOOLDP 5RZOH\ 4& :DUUHQ &KULVWRSKHU (VT DQG
999HHGHU 4&3UHVLGHQWH GHO7ULEXQDO\ SRVWHULRUPHQWHIXH UHFRQ¿JXUDGRWUDV ODUHQXQFLD GH:DUUHQ
&KULVWRSKHUTXLHQIXHVXVWLWXLGRSRUHO3URIHVRU:0LFKDHO5HLVPDQ9pDVH Methanex v. United States, Final
$ZDUGRIWKH7ULEXQDORQ-XULVGLFWLRQDQG0HULWVS
38 Artículo predecesor del actual Artículo 28.3.
39 Methanex v. United States'HFLVLRQ RIWKH 7ULEXQDORQ3HWLWLRQ IURP7KLUG 3HUVRQVWR ,QWHUYHQHDV Amici
Curiae. 2001. p. 46.
40 ,EtGHP
41 Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, NAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés “North American Free
Trade Agreement”. 1993.
42 ,EtGHP
43 ,EtGSS
ϮϭϮ
63
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&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
ĚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ŵĞƚĂŶŽů ůŽĐĂůŝnjĂĚĂƐĞŶ Ğů
ƐƚĂĚŽĚĞĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ͕LJ ;ŝŝͿĚƵƌĂŶƚĞĞůƉĞƌŝŽĚŽ
ĚĞϭϵϵϯĂϮϬϬϭ͕ƐŽůŽƵŶĂĨƌĂĐĐŝſŶĚĞŵĞƚĂŶŽů
fue consumida en California y el resto
ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝĚĂĞŶ ĚŝƐƟŶƚŽƐƐƚĂĚŽƐĚĞ ůŽƐ͘hh͘
;ƵŶ ƉƌŽŵĞĚŝŽ ĚĞ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ƚŽŶĞůĂĚĂƐ ŵĠƚƌŝĐĂƐ Ă
ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ĐŽŶƐƵŵŽ ƚŽƚĂů ƋƵĞ ĞƌĂĚĞ
ϭϴϱ͘ϱƚŽŶĞůĂĚĂƐŵĠƚƌŝĐĂƐͿϰϰ.
>ĂƐƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƐĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƵƐŝĞƌŽŶĞŶďĂƐĞ Ă
ůŽĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝĚŽĞŶĞůƌơĐƵůŽϭϭϲ;ϭͿĚĞůE&d͕
ĞŶ ďĂƐĞ Ă ůŽƐ ŝŶĐƵŵƉůŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐƉŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ
ůŽƐ ͘hh͘ ĚĞ ĚŽƐ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝĚĂƐ
ĞŶ ůĂ ^ĞĐĐŝſŶ  ĚĞů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϭ ĚĞů E&d͗
Ğů ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϭϬϱ;ϭͿ LJ Ğů ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϭϭϬ;ϭͿ͕ ĞŶ
ǀŝƌƚƵĚĚĞůĂƐƉĠƌĚŝĚĂƐ ĐĂƵƐĂĚĂƐƉŽƌĞůƐƚĂĚŽ
ĚĞĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂĐŽŵŽƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽĚĞůĂƉƌŽŚŝďŝĐŝſŶ
ĚĞǀĞŶƚĂLJƵƟůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞDd͕ůĂŵŝƐŵĂ ƋƵĞ
ƚĞŶşĂ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂĚĂĞŶƚƌĂƌ ĞŶ ĞĨĞĐƚŽ Ğů ϯϭ ĚĞ
ŝĐŝĞŵďƌĞĚĞϮϬϬϮϰϱ.
sŝƐƚŽ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ƉŽƐŝďůĞ ĐĂƐŽ ďĂŶĚĞƌĂ ĐŽŶ
ŝŵƉůŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ ƉƷďůŝĐĂ͕ ƐĂůƵĚ LJ
ƌĞŐƵůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ͕ Ğů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƉĂƌĂ Ğů ĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ^ŽƐƚĞŶŝďůĞ
;͞/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ĨŽƌ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƉŽƌ ƐƵƐ ƐŝŐůĂƐ ĞŶ ŝŶŐůĞƐͿ ;͞Ğů
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚŽ͟Ϳ ĨƵĞ ůĂ ƉƌŝŵĞƌĂ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ŶŽ
ŐƵďĞƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů ƋƵĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƵƐŽ ƵŶĂ ƉĞƟĐŝſŶ
de amicus curiae͕ ĞŶ ƐƵ ĐĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂĚŽ͕ƐĞŹĂůĂŶĚŽ ƵŶĂ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ Ă
ĨĂǀŽƌĚĞ ƵŶ ƐƚĂĚŽ ƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌ ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕
ƋƵĞ ĞŶ Ğů ĞũĞƌĐŝĐŝŽ ĚĞ ƐƵ ƉŽĚĞƌ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶŽĂ
ƚƌĂǀĠƐĚĞůĚŝĐƚĂĚŽĚĞŵĞĚŝĚĂƐƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌŝĂƐĞŶ
ƉƌŽĚĞůďŝĞŶĞƐƚĂƌƐŽĐŝĂůĞŶĄƌĞĂƐƌĞůĂƟǀĂƐĂůĂ
ƐĂůƵĚ͕ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ LJ ŽďũĞƟǀŽƐƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌŝŽƐ͕ůĂƐ
ŵŝƐŵĂƐƋƵĞ ĨƵĞƌŽŶĚŝĐƚĂĚĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞƵŶĂ ďĂƐĞ
no discriminatoriaϰϲ͘ >ĂƐ KE' ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂĚĂƐ
ƐĞŹĂůĂƌŽŶ ƋƵĞ ďĂũŽ ŶŝŶŐƷŶ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ƚĂůĞƐ
ŵĞĚŝĚĂƐ ƉŽĚşĂŶ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵŝƌ ƵŶĂ ǀŝŽůĂĐŝſŶ
Ăů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů LJ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵşĂŶ
ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƐƚĂĚŽ ƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌ ĚĞ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ĚĞŶƚƌŽ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ƉŽƚĞƐƚĂĚĞƐ ƌĞŐƵͲ
latoriasϰϳ͘ ŽƐ ƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƐ ĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ Ğů
/ŶƐƟƚƵƚŽƐĞŹĂůſĞŶ ƐƵƉĞƟĐŝſŶĨƵĞƌŽŶ ;ŝͿƋƵĞ
ůĂ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϭ ĚĞ E&d
ĚĞďĞƌşĂƌĞŇĞũĂƌůŽƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐůĞŐĂůĞƐƐŽďƌĞůŽƐ
ƋƵĞƐĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĞĞůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĚĞĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ
ƐŽƐƚĞŶŝďůĞ͕ LJ ;ŝŝͿ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƵŶ
ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂĚŽ ŶŽ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞͲ
ĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ĐŽŵŽ ůĂ ĮŐƵƌĂ ĚĞů amicus͕ ƉŽĚƌşĂ
ĐĂůŵĂƌůĂƐŝŶƋƵŝĞƚƵĚĞƐƉƷďůŝĐĂƐĞŶůşŶĞĂĐŽŶůĂ
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂŚĞƌŵĠƟĐĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐƋƵĞƐĞ ƐƵƐĐŝƚĂŶďĂũŽĞůĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϭ
ĚĞůE&dϰϴ.
ůŝŶŝĐŝŽ ĚĞƐƵ ŽƉŝŶŝſŶĞů ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĂƌďŝƚƌĂůŶŽ
ĂƌơĐƵůŽĚĞůƚŽĚŽƵŶƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂů
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƚĞĂůĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂƉƌŝǀĂĚĂŽĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂů
ĚĞů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ͘ EŽ ƐĞ ŚŝnjŽ ƚĂŵƉŽĐŽ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ
ƉƌĞƐƵŶĐŝſŶĚĞ ĞƐƚĞƟƉŽLJĂ ƐĞĂŝŶĐůƵŝĚĂĞŶ ůĂ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂƉƌĄĐƟĐĂĚĞůĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů;LJĂ
ƐĞĂ ĐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂů Ž ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲĞƐƚĂĚŽͿŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞĂ
ĚŝƐĐĞƌŶŝďůĞĚĞů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘Ŷ ǀĞnj
ĚĞĞůůŽ͕ĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůŽƉƚſƉŽƌƵŶĂ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐĐŝſŶ
ŵƵLJ ůŝŵŝƚĂĚĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ƐŝŶ ƚŽĐĂƌ ůŽƐ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ Ž ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ
como elementos estructurales de la estructura
ƚŽƚĂůĚĞůĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ͘
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ŽďƐĞƌǀſ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ Ğdžŝ ƐƚĞ ƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ĞŶ
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December 31, 2002, no person shall sell, offer for sale, supply or offer for supply in California gasoline
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in California.
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Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentLL&RPPXQLWLHVIRUD%HWWHU(QYLURQPHQWLLL7KH%OXHZDWHU1HWZRUN
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también Methanex v. United States. Decision of the Tribunal on Petition from Third Persons to Intervene as
Amici Curiae S 7KH ,QVWLWXWH¶VSHWLWLRQ VRXJKWOHDYH ³LWR ¿OHDQ amicusEULHI SUHIHUDEO\ DIWHU
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Ϯϭϯ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ůĂ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞů Eh D/ Ž ĞŶ Ğů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭ ϭ͕
^ĞĐĐŝſŶ  ĚĞů E &d ƋƵĞ ĞdžƉƌĞƐĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ůĞ ĐŽŶĮĞƌĂŶ Ăů ƚƌŝďƵ ŶĂů ůĂ ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ
ĂĐĞƉƚĂƌƵŶĂƉĞƟ ĐŝſŶĚĞamicus Ž ƋƵĞĞdžƉƌĞͲ
ƐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞƐƚĂďůĞnjĐĂƋƵĞ ĞůƚƌŝďƵŶ ĂůŶŽ ĚĞďĂ
ƚĞŶĞƌ ĚŝĐŚĂ ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂ ϰϵ͘ Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ Ğů
dƌŝďƵŶĂůĂƌďŝƚƌĂůƐĞĚŝ ƐƚĂŶĐŝſĚĞůŽ ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝĚŽ
ĞŶůĂ ĞŵĂŶĚĂƌďŝ ƚƌĂůĚĂĚŽƋ ƵĞĞůĂŶƟŐ ƵŽ
ƌơĐƵůŽ Ϯϱ;ϰͿ Ě Ğ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ EhD/
;ĂĐƚƵĂů ƌơĐƵů Ž Ϯϴ;ϯͿͿ ƋƵĞ ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞ ƋƵ Ğ
ůĂƐ ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐŝĂƐ ĚĞďĞŶĚĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌƐĞ Ă ƉƵĞƌƚĂ
ĐĞƌƌĂĚĂ, ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝ ĂůŝĚĂĚ
se incorpora a los documentos preparados
ĞŶ ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ Ž  ĞŶ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂĐŝſŶ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂƐ
audienciasϱϬ.
EŽ ŚĂďŝĠŶĚŽŶŽƐ ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂĚŽƐ ĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŝͲ
ĚĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ Ž ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ
ĐŽŶ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽ Ăů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů Ž ĞŶ
ďƵƐĐĂƌ ŝŶĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ Ğů
concepto de ƉƵĞƌƚĂĐĞƌƌĂĚĂ contenido en el
ƌơĐƵůŽ Ϯϴ;ϯͿĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞů EhD/͕ ƐĞ
ƟĞŶĞƋƵĞĞů dƌŝďƵŶĂůŝŶƚĞůŝŐĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞďƵƐĐſ
ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂƐŽďƌĞůĂƋƵĞƐĞƐƵƐƚĞŶƚĞůŽƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͕ ůŽƐ
cuáles discrecionalmente los encontró en
Ğů ĂŶƟŐƵŽ ƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϱ;ϭͿ ;ĂĐƚƵĂů ƌơĐƵůŽͿ
ϭϳ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞ EhD/ϱϭ͘ ů ĂŶƟŐƵŽ
ƌơĐƵůŽϭϱ;ϭͿ ŽƚŽƌŐĂĂůdƌŝďƵŶĂů ƌďŝƚƌĂůƵŶĂ
ǀĂƐƚĂ ĚŝƐĐƌĞĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŶĚƵĐŝƌ LJͬŽ
ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƌƵŶĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ͕ĐůĂƌŽĞƐƚĄƋƵĞƐƵũĞƚŽ
Ă ůŽƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĚĞƌŝǀĂŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ŝŐƵĂůĚĂĚ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂů LJ ůĂ ũƵƐƟĐŝĂ ƋƵĞ ĚĞďĞ ĞdžŝƐƟƌ
ŚĂĐŝĂůĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐĚĞůůŝƟŐŝŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂůϱϮ.
,ĂďŝĠŶĚŽƐĞ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŽ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂů͕Ğů dƌŝďƵŶĂůƐĞ ĞŶĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌĂďĂŚĂďŝůŝƚĂĚŽƉĂƌĂĚŝƐƉĞŶƐĂƌƐĞĐŽŶĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ
ƉĞƟĐŝſŶƋƵĞƉŽĚƌşĂƚĞŶĞƌĞůĞĨĞĐƚŽĚĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƌ
ŶƵĞǀĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐĂƵŶƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂůŽƋƵĞ
ĐŽŶĚƵnjĐĂĂƋƵĞƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐƋƵĞŶŽƐĞĂŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞƵŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂůƉƵĞĚĞŶƚĞŶĞƌĂĐĐĞƐŽĂ
ůŽƐĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐ͕ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂƐLJĚĞŵĄƐ
ĚĞƵŶĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞƵŶƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͕ďĂũŽ
ůŽĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝĚŽĞŶ ĞůE&d͘ůƉƌŽƉŝŽdƌŝďƵŶĂů
ŝŶĚŝĐſƋƵĞŚĂďŝĠŶĚŽƐĞƌĞĐŝďŝĚŽůĂƐƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐͬ
ƐŽůŝĐŝƚƵĚĞƐ ĞƐĐƌŝƚĂƐ ĚĞ ĂůŐƷŶ ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ
ĞƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚŽƉĂƌƚĞ ĞŶĞů ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ ŶŽ
ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞĂĚĞĐŝƌƋƵĞƚĂůƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐĞĂĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚĂ
ƉĂƌƚĞĞŶĞůĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞϱϯ.
ƐƚĂĚŝƐƟŶĐŝſŶĞƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞǀĞƌĚĂĚĞƌĂ͕
ĞŶĂƋƵĞůůŽƐĐĂƐŽƐ͕ĐŽŵŽĞůĚĞDĞƚŚĂŶĞdž͕ĞŶĞů
ƋƵĞŶŽƐĞĐƵĞƐƟŽŶſ ůĂĂƵƚŽƌŝĚĂĚĚĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂů
ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůƉĂƌĂƌĞĐŝďŝƌ ƐŽůŝĐŝƚƵĚĞƐͬƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞ
amicus curiae͕ ƉĞƌŽĞŶ ǀĞnjĚĞ ĞůůŽƐĞ ƐĞŹĂůſ
ƋƵĞĞů dƌŝďƵŶĂůĂƚƌĂǀĠƐĚĞƐƵ ĞũĞƌĐŝĐŝŽĚĞƐƵ
discrecionalidad determinó primeramente
ƋƵĞ ƚĂůĞƐ ĞƐĐƌŝƚŽƐ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵŝƌ Ă ƋƵĞ
ĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ƐĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚĞƐŽďƌĞĞů
ĐĂƐŽŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƋƵĞŶŽƐĞǀƵůŶĞƌĂƌĂĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ
ĚĞůĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ ĐŽŶŽƚƌĂƐĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ
ĂƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐƋƵĞ ŶŽƐŽŶ ƉĂƌƚĞ͕ĚĂĚŽƋƵĞ ĞƐƚŽƐ
ƷůƟŵŽƐŶŽƉƵĞĚĞŶƐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌƉĞůĂĚŽƐϱϰ.
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partes habían acordado que las transcripciones, documentos escritos, declaraciones de testigos, entre otros,
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51 Véase tambien “Methanex v. United States, Decision of the Tribunal on Petition from Third Persons to
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competencia, en el que se señaló que el tribunal carecía de competencia para incorporar a un tercero a un
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que el tribunal carecía de competencia para que en virtud de lo que establece el Capítulo 11 de NAFTA
se otorgara las prerrogativas de una parte a terceros no interesados y que en caso discrecionalmente
se estableciera ello, tal cuestión estaría fuera del ámbito establecido en el artículo 15 de las Reglas del
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estos peticionarios se apersonarían como amici curiae, las partes de la controversia estarían impedidos de
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los que subyace la operación de remisión de peticiones de terceros. Tercero, en el caso Methanex, tal como
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robusteciera la participación de los denominados amici curiaeHQDUELWUDMHVLQYHUVRU(VWDGR0LHQWUDVTXHORV
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ƵĂƚƌŽĐƵ ĞƐƟŽŶĞƐĨƵŶĚĂŵ ĞŶƚĂůĞƐĨƵĞƌŽŶ ĂůͲ
ĐĂŶnjĂĚĂƐ Ăů ŝŶĚŝĐĂ ƌƐĞ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϱ;ϭͿ
ƉĞƌŵŝơĂ ƌĞĐŝďŝƌ  ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞƐĐƌŝƚĂƐ ĐŽŵŽ
las referenciadasϱϱ. El tratamiento otorgado
ƉŽƌ Ğů dƌŝďƵŶĂů ƌďŝƚƌĂů  Ă ĞƐƚĂƐ ĐƵĂƚƌŽ ƐƵďͲ
ƚĞŵĂƐ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ Ăů ĄŵďŝƚŽ  ĚĞ ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞů ĂŶƟŐƵŽĂƌơĐ ƵůŽϭϱ LJƐŝ ĚŝĐŚŽ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂĚŽ
ŽƚŽƌŐĂ Ăů dƌŝďƵŶĂů ůĂ ĚŝƐĐƌĞĐ ŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚ
ƉĂƌĂ ĂĐĞƉƚĂƌ ůĂ ƌĞŵŝƐ ŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ
ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐ ƋƵĞ Ŷ Ž ƐŽŶ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƵŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ĞůĐĂ ƐŽĚĞ ůŽƐ amicus
curiae͕ ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂďĂ  ƵŶ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ƚĠĐŶŝĐŽ LJ
ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝǀŽ ƉĞƌŽ ƋƵĞ  ĐŝĞƌƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŶŽ ƐĞ
ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂďĂ ĐŽŶ Ğ ů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
LJ ůĂ ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂ ĚĞ  ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͘  ů dƌŝďƵŶĂů ƌďŝƚƌĂů ĞŶ
ƐƵ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ;ŝͿ  ĚĞůŝŵŝƚſ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶƚŽƌŶŽ Ɛ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ů ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů ĚĞů ĐĂƐŽ /ƌĄŶͲ
ƐƚĂĚŽƐ hŶŝĚŽƐĚĞ EŽƌƚĞĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ͕ ůĂKƌŐĂŶ ŝͲ
njĂĐŝſŶDƵŶĚŝĂůĚĞůĂ^ĂůƵĚ͕LJůĂƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ ĚĞůĂ
ŽƌƚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶ Ăů ĚĞ :ƵƐƟĐŝĂ Ăů ĞŶĐŽ ŶƚƌĂƌ
ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƐĞ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂ ů Ă ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ ĚĞ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƉŽ ƌ Ğů ŚĞĐŚŽ ĚĞ ƌĞĐŝďŝƌ
ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐͬƐŽůŝĐŝ ƚƵĚĞƐ ƉŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞͲ
ƌŽƐƋƵĞŶŽƐ ŽŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽϱϲ;
;ŝŝͿŽďƐĞƌǀſƋƵĞĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌůşŵŝƚĞƋƵĞƌĞƐƵůƚĂƌĂ
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƐŽůŝĐŝƚƵ ĚĞƐͬƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞƐĐƌŝƚĂƐ ƌĞŵŝͲ
ƟĚĂƐ ƉŽƌ ĂƋƵĞůů ŽƐ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĂƌŝŽƐ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ
ƐŽŶ ƉĂƌƚĞĚĞ ƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ƐĞƌ
ŝŐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƌ ƟĚĂƐ ĐŽŶ ůĂƐ ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ĚĞů
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕ LJ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞŶĚĞ͕ ŶŽ  ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ƐĞƌ
ĐĂůŝĮĐĂĚĂƐ ĐŽŵŽ ŶĞ ĐĞƐĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞdžĐĞƐŝǀĂƐ
para los intereses de las partes involucradas
ĞŶĞů ĂƐƵŶƚŽůŝƟŐ ŝŽƐŽϱϳ͖;ŝŝŝͿ ůŽƐĂƌơĐ ƵůŽƐƋƵĞ
ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚŽƐ  ĨƵĞƌŽŶ Ğů ϭϭϮϲ;ϭϬͿ͕
ϭϭϮϴ͕ϭϭϯϯ͕ĂŶĚϭϭϯϳ;ϰͿĚĞůdƌĂƚĂĚŽE&dLJ
ƐĞĐŽŶĐůƵLJſ ƋƵĞŶŝŶŐƵŶŽ ĚĞĚŝĐŚŽƐĂƌơ ĐƵůŽƐ
Ŷŝ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ ƉƌŽǀŝƐ ŝſŶ ĚĞů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϭ ĚĞů
E&d ŝŶĚŝĐĂďĂ ĞdžƉƌĞƐĂ LJ ĚŝƌĞĐ ƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ŵĞŶĐŝſŶĂůŐƵŶ ĂƉĂƌĂƋƵĞĞůdƌŝďƵŶĂůƌďŝƚƌĂů
ƚƵǀŝĞƌĂůĂ ƉƌĞƌƌŽŐĂƟǀĂĚĞĂĐĞƉƚĂƌ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ
de amicus curiaeϱ ϴ͖LJ;ŝǀͿƐĞĂŶĂůŝnjſĞůĄŵďŝƚŽ
ĚĞ ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ů ĂŶƟŐƵŽ ĂƌơĐƵůŽ Ϯϱ;ϰͿ
;ĂĐƚƵĂů ĂƌơĐƵů Ž Ϯϴ;ϯͿͿ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞů
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irrelevante a los efectos de la recepción de
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to intervene”.
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submissions from third persons.
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Ϯϭϱ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
copias de l os materiales proporciona dos por
ĞůdƌŝďƵŶĂůƌďŝƚƌĂůϱ ϵ.
DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž ĂĐĞƌƚĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŚĂƐŝĚŽ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝĚŽ
ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ĂƐƵŶƚŽ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵLJĞ Ă ƵŶ ƌĠŐŝͲ
men más transparente en la resolución de
controversiasϲϬ͘ ŝĐŚŽ ƌĞĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƐĞ ĞŶͲ
ĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ŵƵLJ ďŝĞŶ ũƵƐƟĮĐĂĚŽ ĚĞƐĚĞ ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ
ƉƵŶƚŽĚĞǀŝƐƚĂ͘>ĂǀĂƐƚĂƌŝƋƵĞnjĂĚĞůĂ ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚĂ
ŽƉŝŶŝſŶĞŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶƚĞƌĐĞƌĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ͕ĞŶůĂ ƋƵĞ
ƐĞƚƌĂƚĂůĂ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝſŶĚĞů ĄŵďŝƚŽĚĞ ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ
de medidas locales en campos referentes a la
ƐĂůƵĚƉƷďůŝĐĂ͕ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚLJŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͕LJƐƵ
potencial afectación al derecho internacional
ƋƵĞ ƉƌŽƚĞŐĞ Ă ůŽƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌĞƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͕
ĞdžƉůŽƌĂŶĚŽ Ğů ƌŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ĚĞůĂ ĮŐƵƌĂĚĞ
amici curiae͕LJĮŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞƚŽĐĂŶĚŽůĂĚŝĐŽƚŽŵşĂ
ĚĞƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚͬĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͕ĞƐůŽĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ
ƌĞƐĂůƚĂŶƚĞ͘ ƐƚĞ ĮŶŽ ƌĂnjŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĨƵĞ
ƉŽƐƚĞƌŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞ ŵĞũŽƌĂĚŽĚĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ Ğů>ĂƵĚŽ
&ŝŶĂů ĨƵĞ ŽďũĞƚŽ ĚĞ ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ĞŶ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟǀŽƐ ĚĞů dƌĂƚĂĚŽ E&d͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ
ĞŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ ƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ ĂĐĂĚĠŵŝĐŽƐ ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂĚŽƐ
a la transparenciaϲϭ͘ WƌĞĐŝƐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ ůĂ
ĚĞĐŝƐŝſŶĞŶĞůĐĂƐŽDĞƚŚĂŶĞdžŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂŵƷůƟƉůĞƐ
ĨĂĐĞƚĂƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ;ŝͿ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ Ă
ůĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ ;ŝŝͿ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐͬƐŽůŝĐŝƚƵĚĞƐ ĚĞ
ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐƋƵĞŶŽƐŽŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕;ŝŝŝͿ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶĚĞƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐƋƵĞŶŽƐŽŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞů
procedimiento en las diligencias procesales del
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕;ŝǀͿĂĐĐĞƐŽĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐƋƵĞŶŽ
parte del procedimiento a las documentaciones
ĂƌͲďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ͕ LJ ;ǀͿ ůĂ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ŶŽƚĂƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟǀĂƐ;ĐŽŵŽůĂƐĚĞůĂŽŵŝƐŝſŶĚĞ>ŝďƌĞ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝŽͿ͘ ůƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽĐĂƐŽ ĞƐ ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ĂLJƵĚĂ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞĂůĂLJƵĚĂƌŶŽƐĂĞŶĨĂƟnjĂƌĞůǀĞƐƟŐŝŽ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŝǀĂĐŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
ƐƚĂĚŽŚĞƌĞĚĂƌŽŶĚĞůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ŚĂ ĂLJƵĚĂĚŽ
Ă ĞũĞŵƉůŝĮĐĂƌ ůĂƐ ĐŽƌƌĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ
ƋƵĞĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůWƷďůŝĐŽĚĞďĞĚĞ
ƚĞŶĞƌĞŶĐƵĞŶƚĂĞŶůŽƐĂũƵƐƚĞƐƋƵĞƐĞĚĞďĂŶĚĞ
ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌƐŽďƌĞĞůůĞŐĂĚŽĚĞũĂĚŽƉŽƌĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
ŽŶƚĞŶĐŝŽƐŽWƌŝǀĂĚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘
dĂŶƚŽůĂ ƌĞǀŝƐŝſŶ Ă ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ // ĚĞů ĂŹŽ
ϮϬϬϲ ĐŽŵŽ Ğů ĂŶĄůŝƐŝƐ ĚĞů ĐĂƐŽ DĞƚŚĂŶĞdž
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵLJĞŶĂůĂũƵƐƟĮĐĂĐŝſŶƉĂƌĂĞůĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ
ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĂ ƐĞƌĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐŝŶ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ
ƵŶĂŵŽĚŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĂůŽƐ ƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
WƌŝǀĂĚŽ LJ WƷďůŝĐŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
controversias. El desarrollo de una norma
ĚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂĚĞ ƚĂů ƟƉŽƉŽĚƌşĂ
servir como un principio de convergencia
ĐĂƉĂnj ĚĞ ĂƌŵŽŶŝnjĂƌ ƚƌĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂƐ
ĚŝƐşŵŝůĞƐ͘ hŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞƐ
ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝĂ ĞŶ ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌƵĞďĂ LJ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂƌ ƵŶĂ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ŵĄƐ ǀŝďƌĂŶƚĞ͕ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă ŵĂLJŽƌ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ ŵĂLJŽƌ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝſŶ ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ
ĂĐƚŽƌĞƐŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂĚŽƐŝŶĐůƵLJĞŶĚŽĂůŽƐĄƌďŝƚƌŽƐ͕
LJĐĞůĞƌŝĚĂĚƐŝŶůĂŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĚĞĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƌĞŐůĂƐ
ĚĞ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶŐĂŶ
ĚĞĮŶŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƚĠĐŶŝĐĂƐ ƋƵĞ Ă ƐƵ ǀĞnj ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ
ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂƌ Ă ŽďũĞĐŝŽŶĞƐ ďĂƐĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ ƐƵ ĨĂůƚĂ
de universalidad. Los principios generales de
transparencia ya adoptados en documentos
ĚĞĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůƉŽĚƌşĂŶƐĞƌǀŝƌĐŽŵŽ
las premisas fundacionales conceptuales para
ĞƐƚĞĐĂŵďŝŽŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝŽ͘
/s͘ > WZ /E/W/K   /E Zd/hD Z
E > Z ^K>h /ME   /^Wh d^
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WKZhE EKZD ZDKE/ 
dZE ^WZE /
͘ ƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ Ğů ƌďŝͲ
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ůǀĞƐƟŐŝŽƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽĂŶƚĞƐŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĂĚŽĞƐƐŽůŽ
un elemento de la resolución de disputas
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Dockyard Pty. Ltd(Q1HZ6RXWK:DOHV/DZ5HYLHZS
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ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƐƵŐŝĞƌĞ ůĂ ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚ
ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĂ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ͘ ů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͕ LJ ĞŶ
ŵĞŶŽƌ ŵĞĚŝĚĂ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůLJƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶĞŶƚƌĞůĂnjĂĚŽƐĐŽŶ ƵŶĚĞƐĞŽĚĞ
ser una estructura uniforme. Esta ausencia de
ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵŝĚĂĚ ĚĂ ůƵŐĂƌĂ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂ
͞ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ ŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞ͟ ϲϮ͘ ƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕
ĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƐĐƌşƟĐŽƐĚĞůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ
ĐĂƌĞĐĞ ĚĞ ƵŶ ǀĂůŽƌ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟǀŽ͘ ů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽƐĞĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞƉŽƌ ƵŶƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂĚŽ ĚĞ ĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ϯ͕ϬϬϬ
ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐďŝůĂƚĞƌĂůĞƐĚĞŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶƋƵĞŶŽĞƐƚĄŶ
ĚĞůƚŽĚŽŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶĞĐƚĂĚŽƐ͕ŶŝĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĚŽƐ͕ Ž ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ĐŽŶƟĞŶĞŶ ĐůĄƵƐƵůĂƐ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƐ ŵŽŶŽůşƟĐĂƐϲϯ͘ ů ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŽ ŵƵůͲ
ƟůĂƚĞƌĂů͕ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů LJ ďŝůĂƚĞƌĂůĚĞ ůŽƐ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐ
de inversiones es completamente ausente
ĚĞĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ͕ ũĞƌĂƌƋƵşĂƐŽĚĞ ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌŽƚƌŽ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀŽĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ͘
ŶƵŶŶŝǀĞůŵĞŶŽƐĨŽƌŵĂůşƐƟĐŽƉĞƌŽŵĄƐƐƵƐͲ
ƚĂŶƟǀŽ͕ƐĞƟĞŶĞƋƵĞƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƐƌƵĚŝŵĞŶƚĂƌŝŽƐ
ĚĞůƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽĂƷŶƉĞƌŵĂŶĞĐĞŶ
materialmente sin ser tomados en cuenta. Por
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ƋƵŝnjĄƐĞů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽŵĄƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ
ƋƵĞĞƐ ƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽĞŶ ůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽĞƐĞů ƚƌĂƚŽũƵƐƚŽ LJĞƋƵŝƚĂƟǀŽ
;d:ͿƋƵĞƐĞĚĞďĞĚĞŽƚŽƌŐĂƌĂůĂƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌĂƐ͘ƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ƐĞŚĂĚŝƐĐƵƟĚŽŵƵĐŚŽ
ƐŽďƌĞĞů ŚĞĐŚŽĚĞ ƐŝĞů d:ĞƐ ƵŶƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ Ž
ƵŶ ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ͘Ğ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ͕ ůĂ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ
ƋƵĞĞdžŝƐƚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞĞůd: LJĞůƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ DşŶŝŵŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů;D/Ϳ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶŚĂ ĚĂĚŽůƵŐĂƌ Ă
ƋƵĞƐĞ ĞůƵĐƵďƌĞŶ ƵŶŶƷŵĞƌŽ ĚĞƚĞŽƌşĂƐ ĐŽŶ
ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂƐƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐƉĂƌĂůĂƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞ
controversias internacionalesϲϰ͘WŽƌ ƚĂŶƚŽ͕ĞƐ
ŝŶĐŝĞƌƚŽƐŝĞůD/ĞƐĞůŵŝƐŵŽŽĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƉĂƌĂ
ĞůĐĂƐŽ ĚĞůd:͘ ŶĐĂƐŽƐĞĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞ͕ŶŽ ƐĞƐĂďĞ ĐƵĄůĞƐ ůĂĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ͘ z
ƚĂŵƉŽĐŽ͕ŶŽŚĂLJĐĞƌƚĞnjĂĞŶƐŝĞƐĂƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐ
ƟĞŶĞŶ ĂůŐƷŶ ĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĐĄůĐƵůŽ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
daños.
Ğ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ͕ ŶŽ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ďŝĞŶ
ĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ Ɛŝ ƵŶĂ ĐůĄƵƐƵůĂ ƉĂƌĂŐƺĂƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽĚĞďĞƌşĂĚĞƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ
ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƌ ƌĞĐůĂŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐŶŽ ďĂƐĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ
ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽĞŶƵŶ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĚĞĠƐƚĞ
ƟƉŽ͘ >ŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƚƌĂƚĂŶƐŽďƌĞ
Ɛŝ ƵŶĂ ĐůĄƵƐƵůĂ ƉĂƌĂŐƺĂƐ ĂƵƚŽŵĄƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ŽƚŽƌŐĂ ƵŶ ĞƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽ ƐŽďƌĞ
reclamaciones contractuales permanecen
desafortunadamente sin resolverϲϱ.
Consideraciones fundamentales en relación
Ăů ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ ĚĞ EĂĐŝſŶ DĄƐ &ĂǀŽƌĞĐŝĚĂ
Chapter 11 tribunal.
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the Party must withhold pursuant to the relevant Arbitral Rules, as applied.
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accomplished only by formal amendment rather than by some form of agreement between all of the Parties”.
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predictibilidad.
63 (VFRPRXQSODWRGHWDOODULQHV³VSDJKHWWLERZO´GHDOUHGHGRUGHWUDWDGRVELODWHUDOHV\UHJLRQDOHVTXH
se solapan entre ellos, decenas de miles de contratos transnacionales, y un número indeterminado de leyes
ORFDOHVFX\RSURSyVLWRHVHVWLPXODUHOGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRDWUD\HQGRLQYHUVLRQHVH[WUDQMHUDV
64 9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR78'25 ,RDQD³7KH)DLUDQG(TXLWDEOH 7UHDWPHQW6WDQGDUGLQWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZRI
)RUHLJQ,QYHVWPHQW´
65 0HUHFHUHVDOWDUVHTXHORVFDVRVTXHWUDWDQVREUHHVWHSXQWRWLHQHQDOPLVPRGHPDQGDQWHSGS v. Pakistán
y SGS v. Filipinas. Así, en SGS v. Pakistán el tribunal consideró que de adoptarse la interpretación de la
Ϯϭϳ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
;ED&Ϳ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ĐĂƌĞĐĞŶ ĚĞ ĐĞƌƚĞnjĂ͘ EŽ ĞƐ
ĚĞůƚŽĚŽ ĐůĂƌŽƐŝ ƵŶĂĐůĄƵƐƵůĂ ĚĞED&ĂƉůŝĐĂ
ƐŽůŽ Ă ƚĞƌŵŝŶŽůŽŐşĂƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂƐ͕ ŵĄƐ ŶŽ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ƵŶ dƌĂƚĂĚŽ͘ ^ŝ Ă ĞůůŽ
ƐĞ ĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂ ůĂ ŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ
ƉŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŶƚĞƐ Ăů ĂďƵƐĂƌ
ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ďƵƐĐĂƌ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ƵŶĂ
ŝŶĚĞŵŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶƐĞŐƵƌĂĞŶǀŝƌƚƵĚĂůĞũĞƌĐŝĐŝŽĚĞů
ƉŽĚĞƌ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶŽ ĚĞ ƵŶ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ ƐƚĂĚŽ
ĞŶ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĂůƵĚ ƉƷďůŝĐĂ͕ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ
LJ ŵĞĚŝĚĂƐ ŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ͕ Ž Ɛŝ ďĂũŽ ůĂ
ƉƌĞŵŝƐĂĚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐƉƷďůŝĐŽ ƵŶĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚĂ
ƐŽďĞƌĂŶşĂĞũĞĐƵƚĂƐƵƉŽĚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂĚŽƌLJĚŝĐŚŽ
ƉŽĚĞƌ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ĞdžĞŶƚŽ ĚĞů ŵĂƌĐŽ ĚĞů
derecho internacional de las inversiones.
>ŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ƚŽŵĂŶ ĞŶ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĐŝſŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞƐ ƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƐ ŶŽƌͲ
ŵĂƟǀŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂƵĚŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂůĞƐ ĚŝĐƚĂĚŽƐ ƉŽƌ
ŽƚƌŽƐ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐ͕ ůŽƐ ŵŝƐŵŽƐ ƋƵĞ ĐĂƌĞĐĞŶ
ĚĞ ĞĨĞĐƚŽǀŝŶĐƵůĂŶƚĞ ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵŝƌƐĞ ĐŽŵŽ
ƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƐĚĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐŝĂŽďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ͘
ů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĚĞ ŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞĞŶ Ğů ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
ƐƵƌŐĞ ĚĞ ůĂĂƵƐĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ƵŶ ǀĂůŽƌ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟǀŽ
ƋƵĞĞƐĞŶĚĠŵŝĐŽĂůŽƐĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ LJ Ă ůĂ ĚŽĐƚƌŝŶĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ
ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂ Ăů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘
ƐƚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ ŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞ͕ ƵŶŝĚŽ Ăů
ǀĞƐƟŐŝŽƉƌŝǀĂƟǀŽ͕ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂŶ ůŽƐĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ
ŵĄƐ ƉĞƌƐƵĂƐŝǀŽƐ LJ ŵŽƟǀĂĚŽƌĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ
se dictamine una norma de transparencia
ĂƉƌŽƉŝĂĚĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĞŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ
LJ ŵƵĐŚŽ ŵĄƐ ƋƵĞ ƵŶĂ ƌĞŐůĂ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƋƵĞ
ĞƐƚĂďůĞnjĐĂ Ğů ƌĞǀĞůĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕
el monitoreo o el acceso a la información.
/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐͲ
ƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐ͕ ĞŶ
documentos de derecho internacional y en
ŽƚƌĂƐ ĨƵĞŶƚĞƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ͕ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ĐŽŶĚŝĐŝſŶ
ƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƉĂƌĂůĂĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶĂŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ
ĚĞĞƐƚĞƟƉŽĂůŽƐĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƐĚŝƐĐƌĞĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐĚĞůĂ
ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕
ƚĂůĞƐĐŽŵŽůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶĚĞƉƌƵĞďĂ͕ ĞƐŽƐş͕ Ɛŝ
la resolución de controversias internacionales
ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞƐƵƉƌŽŵĞƐĂĚĞĂƌŵŽŶŝnjĂƌůĂƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂƐ
LJƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐũƵƌşĚŝĐŽƐĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚĞƐĞŶĞůŵƵŶĚŽ͘
s͘ hE EKZ D  dZ E^WZE /
^h^dE d/s z > K dE /ME 
WZh 
͘ Ŷ ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂͲ
ĐŝŽŶĂů
ů ƚƌĂďĂũŽ ĨƵŶĚĂĐŝŽŶĂů ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝŽ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĚĞƵŶƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽŚŽůşƐƟĐŽ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
ĚĞďĞ ĚĞ ƐĞƌ ǀŝƐƚŽ ĐŽŵŽ ůĂ ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
primeros principios. La transparencia como
ƵŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ŚĂ Ăƚƌú̎ůĂ ĂƚĞŶĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ĂĐĂĚĠŵŝĐŽƐ ƋƵŝĞŶĞƐ ŚĂŶ ĂƉƌĞĐŝĂĚŽ ůĂ
necesidad de comunicar o de mostrar las
ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ
resolución internacional de controversias.
Ğ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ŵĄƐ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝǀĂ͕ Ğů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂĚŽ ĐŽŵŽ
;ŝͿ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĚĞů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ
internacional económicoϲϲ͕ ;ŝŝͿ ƵŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ
ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ĚĞů ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟǀŽ
ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ Ă ůĂƐ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ ŵƵůƟŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐϲϳ͕
;ŝŝŝͿ ƵŶ ƉƌĞĐĞƉƚŽ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƋƵĞ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ğů
derecho de los ciudadanos al acceso a la
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ŐƵďĞƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů ƉƷďůŝĐĂϲϴ͕ LJ ;ŝǀͿ
ƵŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĚŽƌ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĞŶƚƌĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ LJ ƌĞŐşŵĞŶĞƐĚĞ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů LJ ůŽƐ ƐƚĂĚŽƐ DŝĞŵďƌŽƐϲϵ. El
concepto de transparencia como un principio
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contractual, se encontraba totalmente fuera del ámbito del referido artículo. Por tanto, este caso trae al ruedo
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consideró que la cláusula paragüas si aplica a todos los incumplimientos relevantes que pudieran haber en
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26. 1993. p. 1.
Ϯϭϴ
63
/$1(&(6,'$''($5021,=$&,Ï1'(&21&(3726(1/26352&(',0,(1726'(5(62/8&,Ï1'(
&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
ŝŶĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ ŚĂ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŽ ƵŶĂ ǀŽnj LJ ƵŶĂ
ĐŝĞƌƚĂĚĞĮŶŝĐŝſŶĐŽŵŽƵŶĐƌŝƚĞƌŝŽ ƉŽƌĞůĐƵĂů
ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ ŵĞĚŝƌ ůĂ ůĞŐŝƟŵŝĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ďƵƐĐĂŶ
ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟnjĂĚŽƌĞƐƉŽůşƟĐŽƐϳϬ͕ Ğ
inclusive como un elemento esencial de los
Derechos Humanosϳϭ.
 ƉĞƐĂƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĂĚĂ ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂĐŝſŶĚĞ
ĞƐĐƌŝƚŽƐĞŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶĂůƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
en casi todos los principales aspectos del
ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂ
transparencia como un principio de Derecho
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĂƷŶƐĞŵĂŶƟĞŶĞĞŶƵŶĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ
elusivoϳϮ͘ hŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽ
o una norma de transparencia en Derecho
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞŶŽĞdžŝƐƚĞ͘
>ĂƵƟůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞůĂƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶĞůĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůƚĂŵďŝĠŶƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ
ĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĂ͕ĞŶĞůƐĞŶƟĚŽƋƵĞĞůĂĐĐĞƐŽ
a la información o la revelación de la misma
ƌĞƋƵŝĞƌĞƵŶĂĂĮƌŵĂĐŝſŶƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂĞŶĨƵŶĐŝſŶ
Ăů ŽďũĞƚŽ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂ ĚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ž ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ͘
ƐƚĂƐ ƵƟůŝnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƐŽŶ
ƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĂĚĂƐ ĞŶ ŶƵĞǀĞ
ĨŽƌŵĂƐ͗;ŝͿĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂĚĞĂĐƚŽƐƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞƐ
y acceso a los espectadoresϳϯ͕ ;ŝŝͿ ƉĞƌƚƵƌĂ
y acceso a las fuentes de los materiales
documentariosϳϰ͕ ;ŝŝŝͿ ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂ LJ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă
ůŽƐ ƋƵĞ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĂŶ Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽϳϱ͕ ;ŝǀͿ
ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂLJĂĐĐĞƐŽĂƵŶĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶƉůĞŶĂϳϲ͕
;ǀͿ ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĂ ĚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶϳϳ͕ ;ǀŝͿ
apertura y acceso a la remisión de solicitudes
LJ ƉĞƟĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽƐϳϴ͕ ;ǀŝŝͿ ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂůƋƵĞ ĐŽŶůůĞǀĞ Ă ůĂ ůĞŐŝƟŵŝĚĂĚ
de los procedimientosϳϵ͕;ǀŝŝŝͿƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ
ƉŽůşƟĐĂϴϬ͕ LJ ;ŝdžͿ ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂ LJ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ ƉĂƌĂ
ĐŽƌƌŽďŽƌĂƌůĂ ƉĂƌŝĚĂĚ LJͬŽ ĐƵŵƉůŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĐŽŶ
la reciprocidadϴϭ.
Teniendo en cuenta estas necesidades
ŵƷůƟƉůĞƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĂůŐƵŶĂ
ĨŽƌŵĂŽ ƉĞƌŵƵƚĂĐŝſŶĚĞůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ ĚĞƚƌĂŶƐͲ
ƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƌĞƋƵŝĞƌĂ ƵŶ ĂĐƚŽ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝĞŶƚĞ
ĚĞ ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ž ƉƵďůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ͕ ƐĞ
ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽ ƐŝŶ
un verdadero desarrollo conceptual. El
ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞŵƵůƟĨĂĐĠƟĐŽ ĞŶ ǀŝƌƚƵĚ ĚĞů ĐƵĂů ůĂ
transparencia de alguna forma encuentra su
espacio en el derecho internacional no se
corresponda en forma alguna con las nueve
referencias señaladas en el párrafo anterior.
͘ >Ă dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶ ƐĞůĞĐƚĂƐ ĨƵĞŶƚĞƐ
ĚĞůĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
hŶ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽ ĞŵďůĞŵĄƟĐŽ ĞƐ ůĂ ĂƌƚĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŶĞƌŐşĂ ;Energy Charter Treaty͕ d ƉŽƌ ƐƵƐ
ƐŝŐůĂƐ ĞŶ ŝŶŐůĠƐͿ͕ ƋƵĞ ĞŶŐůŽďĂ Ğů ŵŽĚĞůŽ
ƐŽďĞƌĂŶŽĚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĂ en contraste
con la ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĂ de las naciones. La
d ĞdžƉůşĐŝƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŚĂĐĞ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ Ă ůĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ ĐŽŶĞdžŝſŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐ
 9pDVH SRU HMHPSOR: ',$021' /DUU\ ³'HPRFUDWLF 5ROOEDFN 7KH 5HVXUJHQFH RI WKH 3UHGDWRU\ 6WDWH´
 )RUHLJQ $IIDLUV  ³3RRUO\ SHUIRUPLQJ GHPRFUDFLHV QHHG EHWWHUVWURQJHU DQG PRUH GHPRFUDWLF
LQVWLWXWLRQVSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV SDUOLDPHQWV DQGORFDO JRYHUQPHQWVOLQNLQJFLWL]HQV WRRQH DQRWKHUDQG WR WKH
SROLWLFDOSURFHVV>«@5HIRUPUHTXLUHVWKHLQWHUQDOGHPRFUDWL]DWLRQRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHVWKURXJKWKHLPSURYHPHQW
of their transparency and accessibility and the strengthening of other representative bodies”).
 9pDVH SRU HMHPSOR: +$7+$:$< 2RQD ³'R +XPDQ 5LJKWV 7UHDWLHV 0DNH D 'LIIHUHQFH"´ (Q
-RXUQDOSS 8QGHUVFRULQJWKHLPSRUWDQFH RIWUDQVSDUHQF\WRFRPSOLDQFH ZLWK
LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQULJKWVWUHDWLHVDQGWKHHI¿FDF\RILQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ
 9pDVH SRU HMHPSOR /25' .ULVWLQ ³:DU DQG 3HDFH LQ DQ $JH RI 7UDQVSDUHQF\´  LQWHUQDWLRQDO
VHFXULW\&+$5129,7=6WHYH³7UDQVSDUHQF\DQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ´5XWJHUV
0&&250$//<7LPRWK\³5HVSRQGLQJWRWKH1HZ$JHRI7UDQVSDUHQF\´,QWHUQDWLRQDO7D[5HYLHZ
 9pDVHSRU HMHPSOR. Methanex v. United States. Decision of the Tribunal on Petition from Third Persons to
,QWHUYHQHDVAmici Curiae([SODLQLQJWKDWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVFRQVHQWHGWRWKH³RSHQDQGSXEOLFKHDULQJ
of all hearings before the Tribunal”.
 9pDVH,EtG.H[SODLQLQJWKDW&DQDGD³VXSSRUWHGSXEOLFGLVFORVXUHRIDUELWUDOVXEPLVVLRQVRUGHUVDQGDZDUGV
WRWKHIXOOHVWH[WHQWSRVVLEOH´
 9pDVH,EtGHPH[SODLQLQJ WKDWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV FRQVHQWHGWRWKH³RSHQ DQGSXEOLFKHDULQJRI DOOKHDULQJV
before the Tribunal”).
 9pDVH,EtGHP
 9pDVH,EtGH[SODLQLQJWKDW&DQDGD³VXSSRUWHGSXEOLFGLVFORVXUHRIDUELWUDOVXEPLVVLRQVRUGHUVDQGDZDUGV
WRWKHIXOOHVWH[WHQWSRVVLEOH´
 9pDVH,EtGHP H[SODLQLQJWKHGLIIHULQJ DSSURDFKHVRI 0H[LFRDQG&DQDGD ZLWKUHVSHFW WRWKHVWDQGLQJ RI
amicus petitions under NAFTA).
 9pDVH,EtGHP
80 ,EtGHP
81 ,EtGHP
Ϯϭϵ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐĐŽŵŽůŽƐƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽƐĂd:͕ ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ
ŶŽ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚŽƌŝĂ͕ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŽƚƌŽƐϴϮ. La ECT
menciona transparencia conjuntamente con
ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ ĐŽŵŽĞƐƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ͕ ĞƋƵŝĚĂĚ͕ LJ ƚƌĂƚŽ
ĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞ͕ĐŽŵŽĂĚũĞƟǀŽƐƋƵĞĐŝƌĐƵŶĚĂŶĂůĂƐ
ĐŽŶĚŝĐŝŽŶĞƐƋƵĞůŽƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌĞƐĚĞďĞŶĚĞŐŽnjĂƌ
ĞŶĐĂĚĂƵŶŽ ĚĞůŽƐƐƚĂĚŽƐĐŽŶƚƌĂƚĂŶƚĞƐƋƵĞ
ĂƐƵ ǀĞnj ŝŶĐůƵLJĞŶĞů ŵĞŽůůŽĚĞů ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĚĞů
ĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĚĞůĂƐ /ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐƋƵĞ
ůŽƐ ƐƚĂĚŽƐ ƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ĚĞďĞŶ
de respetar y proporcionar a los inversores
ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͘
La apl icación del concepto de transparencia
a una amplia gama de condiciones referidas a
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ͕ŝŵƉ ůşĐŝƚĂŵĞŶƚĞƐƵŐŝĞƌĞ ƋƵĞůĂĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ  ƋƵĞ ůĂ d ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂ
como predica dora de la apl icación de los
ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐ Ě Ğ ůĂ ƉƌŽƚĞĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŽƌĞƐ Ğdž ƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͕
ĚĞďĞ ƉŽƌ Ɛŝ ŵŝƐŵ Ă ƐĞƌ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞ ŵͲ
ƉůŽ͕ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂŶĚŽ ƚŽĚ ĂƐ ůĂƐ ŶƵĞǀĞ ;ϵͿ
ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌşĂƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂ ƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞ
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĂƐ͘ ƐƚĂ ǀŝƐƵ ĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞ ŶƚƌŽĚĞůĄŵďŝƚŽĚĞůƌ ơĐƵůŽ
ϭϬ;ϭͿ ĚĞ ůĂ d ŶŽ  ƐſůŽ ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂ ƵŶĂ
ǀĂƌŝĂĐŝſŶ LJ ŵƵůƟƉ ůŝĐŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ĐŽŶĚŝ ĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ƋƵĞĚĂŶ ůƵŐĂƌĂ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚĞd:
LJ ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐ ŵşŶŝŵŽ Ɛ ƉĂƌĂ ƉƌŽƚĞŐĞƌ Ă ůĂ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ͕ƐŝŶŽƋƵĞƚĂŵďŝ ĠŶƐĞĐŽƌƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂŶ
ĐŽŶůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂĚĞ ƵŶƚƌĂƚĂĚŽ͕ĐƵ LJĂ
ejecución y aplicación generalmente necesita
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƉŽ ůşƟĐĂ LJ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂů͕
ŵĄdžŝŵĞƐŝů ŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ LJĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƐ͕
ƚĂů ĐŽŵŽ ƐƵĐĞĚĞ ĞŶ  ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲ
Estado.
ƵŶ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ Ğů ƚĠƌ ŵŝŶŽ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ŶŽ
ĮŐƵƌĞĚ ĞŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĞŶĞů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ ϭϴ
ĚĞů dƌĂƚĂĚŽ E&d͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƚŽĚŽƐ ůŽ Ɛ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽƐ ƉƌĄĐƟĐŽƐ ĚĞĚŝĐŚŽ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ ŚĂŶ
ƐŝĚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂĚŽƐ  ďĂũŽ ƵŶĂ ͞ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ͘͟ >ŽƐ ŵŝĞŵďƌŽƐ ĚĞů E&d ƟĞŶĞŶ
ůĂ ŽďůŝŐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ Đ ƵŵƉůŝƌ ĐŽŶ ĞƐƚƌŝĐƚŽƐ LJ
ƌŝŐƵƌŽƐŽƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƐŝ ƚŽƐ ĚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ
ŶŽƌŵĂƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂĐŝ ŽŶĞƐ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ LJ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝĐĞƐ ĂĚŵŝ ŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂƐ͕ ĂƐſ ĐŽŵŽ ĚĞ
ŽƚƌĂƐĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐƋƵĞƉƵĞĚĂŶĚĞƐĞƌĚĞŝŶƚĞƌĠƐ
para sus ciudadanosϴϯ͘ ĚĞŵĄ Ɛ͕ ŵĞĚŝĚĂƐ
ƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚĂƐ LJ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ  Ă ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ƐĞ
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ŝŶĐůƵŝĚŽƐ ĞŶĚŝĐŚŽ ĐĂƉşƚƵůŽϴϰ. La
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ Ă ĐƚƵĂů ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ ĞdžƚĞ ŶĚŝĚŽ Ă ĂƋƵĞůůĂƐ
ƉĂƌƚĞƐ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƐŽŶ  ŵŝĞŵďƌŽƐ ĚĞů E&d͕
ĐŽŶũƵŶƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ƚ ƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƉƌŽĐĞͲ
dimentalϴϱ ƋƵĞ ĞƐ ĂĮƌŵĂĚĂ ĞŶ ĚŝĐŚŽƐ
procedimientos. La ausencia de referenci a
ĞdžƉůşĐŝƚĂ Ă ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉ ĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ Ğů ĂƉşƚƵůŽ
ϭϴ ĚĞů dƌĂƚĂĚŽ E&d ŶŽ ĂŵĞŶŐƵĂ ĚĞ
ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ ĨŽƌŵĂ ůĂ ƚ ƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ
ĚĞ ůĂŶŽƌŵĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂ ĂƚƌĂǀĠƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƐŝŶƐƟƚ ƵĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐLJĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂƐ͘
hŶĂ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞdžƉůşĐŝƚĂ  Ă ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕
ĂƵŶĐƵĂŶĚŽ ƐĞĂďŝĞŶǀĞŶŝĚĂ ͕ŶŽĞƐŶĞ ĐĞƐĂƌŝŽ
ĚĂĚŽƋƵĞĞůWƌĞĄŵďƵůŽ ŵŝƐŵŽŝŶĐůƵLJĞĞůůŽĂů
ƐĞŹĂůĂƌ͗ ͞ůĞĂ ƌ ĂŶĚ ŵƵƚƵĂůůLJ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽ ƵƐ
ƌƵůĞƐ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐ ΀ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ E&d
ƉĂƌƟĞƐ΁ ΀ĂŶĚ ƚŽ΁  ĞŶƐƵƌĞ Ă ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ  ĨŽƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘͟ϴϲ.
>Ă ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ EĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ hŶŝĚĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů
ŽŵĞƌĐŝŽ LJ ĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ;hEd͕ ƉŽƌ ƐƵƐ
ƐŝŐůĂƐĞŶŝŶŐůĠƐͿĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞĞŶƐƵƐĐŽŵĞŶƚĂƌŝŽƐ
ĂĐĞƌĐĂĚĞůŐƌĂĚƵĂůƉĞƌŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀŽƉƌŽŐƌĞƐŽ
82 /D(&7HQVX$UWtFXORHVWDEOHFH
“Each Contracting Party shall, i n accordan ce with the provisions of t his Treaty, encourage and cr eate
stable, equita ble, favorable and t ransparent FRQGLWLRQVI RULQYHVWRUVRI RWKHU&RQWUDFWLQJ3 DUWLHVWRPDNH
,QYHVWPHQWVLQL WVDUHD6XFKFRQGLWLRQ VVKDOOLQFOXGHDFRPP LWPHQWWRDFFRUGDWDOO WLPHVWR,QYHVWPHQWV
RI ,QYHVWRUVR IRWKHU &RQWUDFWLQJ 3DUWLHV IDLU DQGHTXL WDEOHWUHDW PHQW6XFK ,QYHVWPHQW VDOVR HQMR\ WKH
most const ant protection a nd security and no Contracting Party shall in any way impair by unr easonable
RUGLVFULPLQDWRU\PHDVXUHVWKHLUPDQDJHPHQWPDLQWHQDQFHXVHHQMR\PHQWRUGLVSRVDO,QQRFDVHVKDOO
VXFK,QYHVWPHQWVEH DFFRUGHGWUHDWPHQWOHVV IDYRUDEOHWKDQWKDWUHTXLUHG E\LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLQFOXGLQJ
treaty obligatio ns”.
83 Véase NAFTA, Art. 1802.1.
84 9pDVH,EtG. artículo 1802.2.
85 9HDVH,EtGDUWtFXORD\E
D wherever possible, persons of another Party that are directly affected by a proceeding are provided
reasonable notice, in accordance with domestic procedures, when a proceeding is initiated, including a
description of the nature of the proceeding, a statement of the legal authority under which the proceeding
LVLQLWLDWHGDQGDJHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRIDQ\LVVXHVLQFRQWURYHUV\
E such persons are afforded a reasonable opportunity to present facts and arguments in support of their
SRVLWLRQVSULRUWRDQ\ ¿QDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHDFWLRQZKHQWLPHWKH QDWXUHRIWKHSURFHHGLQJDQGWKH SXEOLF
LQWHUHVWSHUPLW>«@
86 Véase NAFTA. Preámbulo.
ϮϮϬ
63
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&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
ĐƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀŽƋƵĞ Ğů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ŚĂ ůŽŐƌĂĚŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƚƌĂƚĂĚŽƐ ďŝůĂƚĞƌĂůĞƐ ĚĞ
inversión. El resumen de las conclusiones de
hEdĞŶĞƐƚĞƉƵŶƚŽ ĞŶĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽŵĞƌĞĐĞ
ůĞĞƌůĂƐƉŽƌĐŽŵƉůĞƚŽ͕ĂƵŶĐƵĂŶĚŽƐƵƚĞdžƚŽƐĞĂ
ĞŶŝŶŐůĠƐ͗
͞ ŵŝŶŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ /dƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJ
ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ ŐƌĂĚƵĂů͕ LJĞƚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵĂĚĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ƌĞŐĂƌĚƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƟŽŶĂůĞĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ
ƌƵůĞƐ͘tŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞƌĞŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƚƌĞŶĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ
ǀŝĞǁŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŽďůŝͲŐĂƟŽŶ
ŝŵƉŽƐĞĚŽŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƚŽĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕
ŶĞǁĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂůƐŽ ĚĞĞŵŝƚ ƚŽĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĂ
ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂů ŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ŚŽƐƚͲĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ
ĂŶĚĨŽƌĞŝŐŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐ͘dƌĂŶƐͲƉĂƌĞŶĐLJŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ
ĂƌĞĂůƐŽŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJŐĞĂƌĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ
ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĞdžĐŚĂŶͲŐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ
they relate to transparency in the process
ŽĨ ĚŽŵĞƐƟĐ ƌƵůĞͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞͲŚŽůĚĞƌƐƚŽ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶƚŚĂƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐϴϳ͘͟
>ĂƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞ hEd ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂŶ Ğů
desarrollo y ascendencia no solo en el limitado
ĐĂŵƉŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶ ůŽƐ d/Ɛ͕ ƐŝŶŽ
ƋƵĞ ŵĄƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ͕ ŚĂĐĞ ĠŶĨĂƐŝƐ ĞŶ ůĂƐ
ŵƷůƟƉůĞƐ ĞƐĨĞƌĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĐŽŵŽ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĚĞ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ĂƵŶ ĐƵĂŶĚŽŶŽ ŚĂLJĂ
ƐŝĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĄƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ Ŷŝ ĂĚŽƉƚĂĚŽ
ƉŽƌ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘ >Ă ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ĞƐ ŚĞĐŚĂ Ă ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĐŽŵŽ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂ ŵĄƐ ƋƵĞ ƵŶĂ
ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶƌĞĐşƉƌŽĐĂĚĞŽďůŝŐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ƐŝŶŽƋƵĞ
ĞŶǀĞnjĚĞĞůůŽƚĂŵďŝĠŶƐĞŽĐƵƉĂĚĞůĞƐƉĂĐŝŽĚĞ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽĚŽŵĠƐƟĐŽĞŶĐĂĚĂƉĂşƐ͕
ĂƐşĐŽŵŽůĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶƌĞĂůĞŶĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶůĞŐşƟŵĂϴϴ.
DĄƐ ĂůůĄ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĂƌĄŵĞƚƌŽƐ ĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĚĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ůĂƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
ĞŶ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂĚŽ
ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽ ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝŽ͘ >Ă KEh ŚĂ
hecho un llamado hacia la transparencia
ĞŶ ƵŶĂ ƐĞƌŝĞ ĂŵƉůŝĂ ĚĞ ĂƐƵŶƚŽƐ͕ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ
medidas sean implementadas en una serie de
ĂƐƵŶƚŽƐ͕ĐŽŵŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂƌLJƉŽŶĞƌĮŶĂů ƚƌĄĮĐŽ
ŝůşĐŝƚŽĚĞ ĂƌŵĂƐϴϵ͕ ĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂĐŝſŶLJ ĞůŝŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽďƌĞnjĂϵϬ͕ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŽƚƌŽƐ͘ >Ă KEh ŚĂ
ƌĞŝƚĞƌĂĚŽůĂ ƉƌŝŵĂĐşĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ
ůĂĞĐůĂƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞůDŝůĞŶŝŽ ůůĞǀĂĚĂĂ ĐĂďŽĞŶ
Ğů ŽŶƐĞŶƐŽ ĚĞ DŽŶƚĞƌƌĞLJƐŽďƌĞ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ
Financieras para el Desarrolloϵϭ. Como
ƉĂƌƚĞĚĞů ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽĚĞ ŽƚŽƌŐĂƌƵŶĂ ƌĞƐƉƵĞƐƚĂ
ŐůŽďĂů Ă ůŽƐ ƌĞƚŽƐĞŶ Ğů ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƉĂƌĂ
ĞůĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͕ ĞůƚĞdžƚŽĮŶĂů ĚĞůŽƐ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽƐLJ
compromisos adoptados en la Conferencia
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƉĂƌĂ Ğů &ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ
ĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ;/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŽŶ
Financing for DevelopmentͿĚĞĐůĂƌĂ͗
͞ZĞĐŽŐŶŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƉĞĂĐĞĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ
ŵƵƚƵĂůůLJ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ƚŽ
ƉƵƌƐƵĞŽƵƌ ƐŚĂƌĞĚǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌĂďĞƩĞƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞīŽƌƚƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚ
ǀŝŐŽƌŽƵƐ ŵƵůƟůĂƚĞƌĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ hƉŚŽůĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ŚĂƌƚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ƵƉŽŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞDŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵĞĐůĂƌĂƟŽŶ͕
ǁĞ ĐŽŵŵŝƚ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ ĞƋƵŝƚLJ͕ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJ͕
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ transparency͕ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕
and inclusionϵϮ͘͟
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LQ,QYHVWPHQW5XOH0DNLQJ´81&7$',7(,,7(QLLLLDQG[
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concerning investment opportunities, but rather on laws, regulations and administrative practices applicable
to foreign investment in the host country. Transparency is conceived as a tool to foster a more predictable
investment climate, in which investors can clearly assess the conditions and rules applying to their investments.
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ZLWKUHVSHFWWRLQYHVWPHQWUHODWHGUXOHPDNLQJWRDSSO\³QRWRQO\WR H[LVWLQJOHJLVODWLRQEXWDOVRWRGUDIWODZV
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provisions to strengthen the concept of due process of law is underlined by some supplementary obligations
included in other agreements”.
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ZZZXQKFURUJUHIZRUOGGRFLGEIHDKWPO.
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DQGWUDGLQJV\VWHPV:H¶UHFRPPLWWHGWRDQopen, equitable, rule-based, predictable, and non-discriminatory
PXOWLODWHUDOWUDGLQJDQG¿QDQFLDOV\VWHP´
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ϮϮϭ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĞĨŽƌŵĂ ŵĄƐĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐĂ͕ ĞůƚĞdžƚŽĚĞ ůĂKEh
ĞŶ Ğů ŽŶƐĞŶƐŽ ĚĞ DŽŶƚĞƌƌĞLJ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐſ ůĂ
necesidad de un princi pio de transparencia
ĞŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌĞƐ ƚĂůĞƐ ĐŽŵŽ ;ŝͿ ůĂ ŵŽǀŝůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ LJ ƐƵ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂĐŝſŶ
ƉŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽƐϵϯ͕ ;ŝŝͿ ů Ă ŵĞũŽƌĂ
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽƐ ĚŽŵĠƐƟĐŽƐ ĚĞ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ Ăů
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĚĞůŽƐƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĮ ŶĂŶĐŝĞƌŽƐϵϰ͕LJ;ŝŝŝͿ
ĞŶůŽ ƋƵĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĂ ĂŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌĂƐ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚĂƐ ĞŶ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽϵϱ. En el
ŵŝƐŵŽ ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ Ğů /ŶĨŽƌŵĞ ĚĞů ŽŶƐĞũŽ ĚĞ
^ĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚĚĞůĂKEhƟĞŶĞĐŽŵŽŽďũĞƟǀŽƵŶĂ
transparencia l egal y procedimental como
regla de Derechoϵϲ.
͘ >Ă ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐͲ
ƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ Ăů ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞ
ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶĚĞƉƌƵĞďĂ
dƌĂƐ ĂŶĂůŝnjĂƌ ůŽƐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ ƐĞůĞĐƚŽƐ ĚĞů
ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƵŶ
principio general de transparencia puede
ƐĞƌ ƌĄƉŝĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĚŝƐĐĞƌŶŝĚŽ͘ ů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ
ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĚŝƐĐŝĞƌŶĞ͕ ĂƉĂƌĞŶƚĂ ƐƵŐĞƌŝƌ͕ Ƶ
ŽƌĚĞŶĂƌ͕ƵŶĂ ŽďůŝŐĂĐŝſŶ ĂĮƌŵĂƟǀĂ Ă ƋƵĞ ƐƵ
ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ƐĞĂ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞƐĨĞƌĂƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ͕
LJ͕ƉŽƌĞŶĚĞ͕ŚĂĐĞƵŶ ůůĂŵĂĚŽƉŽƌůĂ ĂƵƐĞŶĐŝĂ
ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĚĞ ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĚŝĞƌĂ
ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂƌĂ ůĂĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͘ ^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕
si un principio de transparencia merece ser
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůĂĚŽ LJ ŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĂƌ ƐƵ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵĐŝſŶ
Ăů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ Ğů ŵŝƐŵŽ ĚĞďĞ ĚĞ
ĞƐƚĂƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƟĚŽ ĐŽŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ ƵŶ
ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ͘ĂƐĂĚŽƐ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ŵƷůƟƉůĞƐ ƵƐŽƐ ĚĞ
ůĂƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕
ĞƐƚĂƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŝĚĂĚĞƐĚĞďĞŶĚĞĞƐƚĂƌŝŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ
ĞŶĚŽƐƉĂƌƚĞƐ͕ ůĂƉƌŝŵĞƌĂƋƵĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞĚĞ ůŽƐ
nueve elementos antes referenciados. La
ƉƌŝŵĞƌĂ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌşĂ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ĐƵĂů
ĚĞďĞƌşĂ ĞƐƚĂƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƟĚĂƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ŽƌĚĞŶ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĂ
ĂĮƌŵĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂͬƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶͬĂĐĐĞƐŽ
a la información. Los nueve elementos de
ĞƐƚĂ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌşĂ ŚĂŶ ƐŝĚŽ ǀŝƐƚŽƐ ƉŽƌ ĨƵĞŶƚĞƐ
universalmente aceptadas del Derecho
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ƋƵĞ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞ
referenciadas.
>ĂƐĞŐƵŶĚĂĐĂƚĞŐŽƌşĂƋƵĞĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞůĂŶŽƌŵĂ
ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞƐ ůĂ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐŝĚĂĚͬƉĂƌŝĚĂĚ
ĂĮƌŵĂƟǀĂ͘ >Ă ƚĞŽƌşĂ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ďĂƐĂ
ĞƐƚĞ ƉƌŝŵĞƌ ƉĂƐŽ ĞŵďƌŝŽŶĂƌŝŽ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů
ĞƐƚƌŝďĂ ĞŶ ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂƌ ƵŶ ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ ƉŽƌ Ğů
cual la norma de transparencia pueda ser
ĚĞ ĂĐĞƉƚĂĐŝſŶ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů Ă ƵŶ ŶŝǀĞů ƚĞſƌŝĐŽ͕
ŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƋƵĞ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ƵŶĂ ĂƉƟƚƵĚ
ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ͘hŶĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌŝŶǀĞƐƟĚŽĚĞŶŝŶŐƷŶǀĂůŽƌ
ƉŽĚƌşĂƐĞƌ ŵĄƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŽ ŚĂĐŝĂƵŶĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂ
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŶǀĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĂ͘ ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕
ƉŽĚƌşĂ ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂƌ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ƌĞŐůĂƐ
procedimentales transnacionales respecto
Ă ůĂ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĂŶ ƐĞƌ
ŵĄƐ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵĞƐ ĞŶ ƐƵ ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ͕ ŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞ
la introducción simultánea de contenido
ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽĂƐƵƐƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ͘
>ĂƐZĞŐůĂƐ ĚĞůĂ /ƐŝƌǀĞŶ ĐŽŵŽƵŶ ŵŽĚĞůŽ
ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂů ƷƟůϵϳ͘ YƵŝnjĄƐ Ğů ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ ŵĄƐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ / ĞƐ Ğů ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ƌĞĮĞƌĞĂůĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐŝĂĚĞůĐĂƐŽLJĚĞůƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽ
del mismoϵϴ. El estándar aparece en toda la
ĂƌƋƵŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝŽ
93 ,EtGS
94 ,EtGS
95 ,EtGS ³7RDWWUDFW DQGHQKDQFH LQÀRZVRI SURGXFWLYHFDSLWDO FRXQWULHVQHHG WRFRQWLQXH WKHLUHIIRUWV
to achieve a transparent, stable and predictable investment climate, with proper contract enforcement and
respect for property rights, embedded in sound macroeconomic policies and institutions that allow businesses,
ERWKGRPHVWLFDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOWRRSHUDWHHI¿FLHQWO\ DQGSUR¿WDEO\DQGZLWKPD[LPXPGHYHORSPHQWLPSDFW
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ZKLFKDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQULJKWVQRUPVDQGVWDQGDUGV ,WUHTXLUHVDVZHOOPHDVXUHVWR
ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law,
IDLUQHVVLQWKH DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHODZVHSDUDWLRQRI SRZHUVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ OHJDOFHUWDLQW\
avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency´>(OpQIDVLVHVQXHVWUR@
 1RHVWiGHQWURGHOiPELWRHOFRPHQWDUH[WHQVLYDPHQWHVREUHODV5HJODVGHO,%$(QYH]GHHOORHOREMHWLYRHV
resaltar los aspectos estructurales de dichas Reglas, solamente como un modelo, en el cual la transparencia
normativa puede dar lugar a una más comprensiva y universal aplicación de dichas reglas.
98 (QFRQWUDPRVHQODV 5HJODVGHOD ,%$DUWtFXORD ³7KH$UELWUDO7ULEXQDOLVHQFRXUDJHG WRLGHQWLI\WRWKH
3DUWLHVDVVRRQDV LWFRQVLGHUVLWWR EHDSSURSULDWHDQ\LVVXH D7KDWWKH$UELWUDO7ULEXQDOPD\UHJDUG DV
relevant to the case and material to its outcome>(OpQIDVLVHVQXHVWUR@
ϮϮϮ
63
/$1(&(6,'$''($5021,=$&,Ï1'(&21&(3726(1/26352&(',0,(1726'(5(62/8&,Ï1'(
&217529(56,$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
recurrenteϵϵ͘ >Ă ƵƟůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĞƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĐĂ LJ
uniforme del estándar de la relevancia al caso
y a su aplicación material en su resultado
;͞ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƚŽ ŝƚƐ
outcome”Ϳ͕ Ă ůĂ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂ͕ ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
información por decisión propia de una de las
ƉĂƌƚĞƐ͕LJ ĂůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐĚĞ ƌĞǀĞůĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ ĞŶĨĂƟnjĂƐƵŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐŝĂ͘ Ɛş͕
Ğů ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ͕ƉĂƌĞĐĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌ ƵŶĂ ƐşŶƚĞƐŝƐ
ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐĂ
ůŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽʹĞů civil
law y el common lawϭϬϬʹ͕LJĞŶ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂƉĂƌƚĞ
ƐĞĚĞĮŶĞĚŝĐŚŽƐƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ͕ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŵĞŶƚĞůŽƐ
ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚŽƐĂ͞ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞ͟LJ͞ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘͟
Ğ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ͕ůŽƐ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ ͞ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂ͟
Ž ͞ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ͟ŶŽ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ĚĞĮŶŝĚŽƐ ĚĞů
ƚŽĚŽ͘ DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ͞ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞ
ĚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ͟ ĞƐ ĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ĞƐĐƌŝƚŽ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĚŽƉŽƌ ƵŶĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂĚŽƉŽƌ Ğů
dƌŝďƵŶĂůƌďŝƚƌĂů ŽƉŽƌ ƵŶĂĚĞ ůĂƐƉĂƌƚĞƐĚĞů
ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ͕ƐĞƟĞŶĞƋƵĞ ĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞůŽƐƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ
ŝŶĐůƵŝĚŽƐ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ /ϭϬϭ ŶŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ƵŶ
ƉƌĞĚŝĐĂĚŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀŽ ĚĞů ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĂ
ŝŶĨĞƌŝƌĞůĐŽŶƚĞŶŝĚŽĚĞůƚĠƌŵŝŶŽĚĞ͞ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ͕͟
ĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞůƉƌŽƉŝŽ ƌĠŐŝŵĞŶĚĞůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ/͘
>ĂĐĂůŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶƚĞƐƟŐŽĐŽŵŽƵŶ ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ
ĞƐƌĞůĞŐĂĚŽ͕ ƐŝŶŽ ĞƐ ĚĞůƚŽĚŽ͕ ĂůĂ ƉŽƚĞƐƚĂĚ
ĚŝƐĐƌĞĐŝŽŶĂůĚĞůƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĂƌďŝƚƌĂů͘
En paralela importancia a la relevancia del caso
LJĂůĂŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞůƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽ͕ƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
ůĂ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶĚĞů ƌĞƋƵĞƌŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ďƵĞŶĂ
ĨĞ͕Ğů ĐƵĂůĞƐŶƵĞǀŽ ĞŶůĂ ZĞŐůĂƐ/ϮϬϭϬϭϬϮ.
Ŷ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ Ă ůŽƐ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ ͞ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐŝĂ͕͟
͞ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĚĂĚ͟ LJ ͞ƚĞƐƟŐŽ ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽ͕͟ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ
ƋƵĞ Ğů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ͞ďƵĞŶĂ ĨĞ͟ŶŽ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
ƚĂŵƉŽĐŽĚĞĮŶŝĚŽ͘
zĂ ƐĞĂ ƉŽƌ ĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞŶĐŝĂ Ž ĚŝƐĞŹŽ͕ ůĂ
ĂƵƐĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀĂƐ͕LJĂ ƐĞĂ
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞŽ ĞŶ ǀŝƌƚƵĚĂ ƵŶ ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌ͕
ĞŶĨĂƟnjĂ ůŽƐ ƌĞƚŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƉĂƌĂ
ůĞŐŝƟŵŝnjĂƌƵŶĂ ĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ͘
dĠƌŵŝŶŽƐĐŽŵŽďƵĞŶĂĨĞ o ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐŝĂ ǀĂƌşĂŶ
ĂďƌƵƉƚĂŵĞŶƚĞĚĞƉĞŶĚŝĞŶĚŽ ĚĞůĂ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ
ůĞŐĂůƋƵĞ ůŽƐĂĐŽũĂ͘ ůůůĞŐĂƌ ĂĚĞĮŶŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ Ž
ĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐ ƐƵƐƚĂŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂ ĞƐƚŽƐ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ͕
ĞŶ ƵŶĂ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĂ ŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂƌĂ
Ă ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĞƐ ĚŝİĐŝůĞƐ LJ ƋƵĞ ĐĂƌĞĐĞƌĄŶ ĚĞ
ƵƟůŝĚĂĚ͘
hŶĂ ĂƐƉŝƌĂĐŝſŶ ŵĄƐ ƌĞĂůŝƐƚĂ ƐĞƌşĂ ƌĞĐƵƌƌŝƌ
Ă ůĂ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƋƵĞ
ƉƌŽďĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ƉƵĞĚĂ ƚĞŶĞƌůŽƐ ƉĂƌĄŵĞƚƌŽƐ
ĚĞ ĂƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ ĞŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽƐ
como ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĚĂĚ y ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐŝĂ͘ >ŽƐ ĞƐͲ
ƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐ ĐĂƚĞŐſƌŝĐŽƐ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂŶ ůĂ
ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂĚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂLJƋƵĞĞů
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĞƐĐƌŝƚŽ ƉƌŽƉŽŶĞ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽ
ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌ ƉŽĚƌĄ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ Ă ƵŶ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂů
ƉŽĚĞƌ ƚĞƐƚĞĂƌůŽƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚŽƐ ĚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŝďŝůŝĚĂĚ
y revelación de información. De manera
ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐŝĚĂĚ LJ
paridad podrán facilitar análisis de ďƵĞŶĂĨĞ.
Podrá redundar en el mejor de los intereses
ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ ĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
Ğů ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂƌ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂƋƵĞĐŽŵĂŶĚĞůŽƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐŽƐ
ĂĮƌŵĂƟǀŽƐ͕ ƋƵĞ ĞŶ ĞĨĞĐƚŽ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂŶ ĚĞ
ůĂ ĐŽƐƚƵŵďƌĞ LJ ƵƐŽ ĐŽŶǀĞŶĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞ ůĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘
DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƵƟůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ad hoc de la
ƉĂůĂďƌĂ ĐĂƌĞŶƚĞĚĞ ƵŶ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂĚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
ŚĂƐĞƌǀŝĚŽďŝĞŶĂůĂƐŝŶƚĞŶĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐƋƵĞ ĚĞƌŝǀĂŶ ĚĞů
ŵŝƐŵŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĚĞůĂƐŵƷůƟƉůĞƐĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂŶ Ă ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
conceptualice en la forma de una norma
singular.
s/͘ K E>h^/ ME
>Ă ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂ ƉŽƌ ƵŶĂ ƵŶŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶ Ž ĂƌŵŽͲ
ŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶƚƌĞ ůĂƐ ƚƌĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂƐ
ĚŝƐƟŶƚĂƐ ŶƵŶĐĂ ĂŶƚĞƐ ŚĂ ƚĞŶŝĚŽ ƚĂŶƚĂ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐŝĂĐŽŵŽ ůĂ ƟĞŶĞĂŚŽƌĂ ƉŽƌĐŽŶƐĞͲ
ĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ Ğ
informacional. A diferencia de su contraparte
Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞů ŽŵĞƌĐŝŽ͕
ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ LJ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞ Ğů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĚĞZĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ͕
se encuentran en proceso de desarrollo con
ůĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ŵĂŶƚĞŶĞƌ Ğů ƉĂƐŽ ĐŽŶ ůĂƐ
necesidades económicas e informacionales
ƋƵĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂ ůĂ ŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ͘ Ŷ ĐŽŶƐĞͲ
ĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌͲ
99 9pDVH,%$5XOHVDUWtFXORVDE\D
100 ,%$5XOHV3UHiPEXORS
101 ,EtGSGH¿QLQJ³H[SHUWUHSRUW´
102 (OWpUPLQR³%XHQDIH´ DSDUHFH VRODPHQWHGRVYHFHVHQODV5HJODV ,%$±HQHO3UHiPEXOR\OXHJRDO ~OWLPR
SiUUDIR±ODVLPHWUtDHQODXELFDFLyQGHGLFKRWpUPLQRHQVRORGRVRFDVLRQHVHVLPSRUWDQWH\VXJHVWLYD9pDVH
,%$5XOHV3UHiPEXORDUWtFXOR
ϮϮϯ
63
Pedro José Martinez-Fraga
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ LJ Ğů ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ /ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ
ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞĐĞŶ ĐŽŵŽ ƐŽůƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂŶƚĞƐ͕
ŚĂƐƚĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ůůĞŐƵĞŶ Ă ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵŝƌ ƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƐ
ũƵĚŝĐŝĂůĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĂŶ ƚĞŶĞƌ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂ ƐŽďƌĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ƐƵƐĐŝƚĞŶ ƚĂŶƚŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂͲ
ĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐƉƷďůŝĐŽƐLJͬŽƉƌŝǀĂĚŽƐ͘
YƵŝnjĄƐĞůŵĄƐ ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂĚŽŚĞĐŚŽƋƵĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞ
ĂůŽƐĚŽƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐʹcommon law y
civil lawʹLJůĂƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂƐũƵƌşĚŝĐĂƐƋƵĞůŽĂĐŽŐĞŶ͕
ƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶĞŶ ůĂĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶƚƌĞĞů ĞƐƟůŽ
ĚĞ ŽďƚĞŶĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƉƌƵĞďĂ ĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽŝǀŝů LJ
Ğů ĞƐƟůŽ ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂĚŽ Discovery.
ƉĞƐĂƌ ĚĞůŽƐ ŝŶŶƵŵĞƌĂďůĞƐĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐ͕ƚĂůĞƐ
ĐŽŵŽ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ /͕ ƋƵĞ ďƵƐĐĂŶĂĐŽŵŽĚĂƌ
ĂŵďĂƐƚƌĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĞƐLJƋƵĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶĂǀĂŶĐĞƐ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ĐĂŵƉŽ͕ ƐĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂ
ĚŝǀŝƐŝſŶ ĂƷŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƷĂ LJ ƐĞ ǀŝƐůƵŵďƌĂ ĞŶ ƵŶ
ƐĞŶƟĚŽ ĚĞ ƉŽůĂƌŝnjĂĐŝſŶ͘ hŶĂ ĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĐŝſŶ
ĞŶĞů ŝŶƚĞŶƚŽĚĞ ĂƌŵŽŶŝnjĂƌůĂƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞ ĂŵďŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ĞƐƚƌŝďĂ ĞŶ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƌ
ƵŶĂŶŽƌŵĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞďĂƐĞ ĞŶůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕
ůĂŵŝƐŵĂ ƋƵĞ ĂƐƵ ǀĞnj ĂLJƵĚĂƌĄĂ ƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƌ
ĞƐƚĂƐ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂƐ͘ hŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ ďĂƐĂĚĂ ĞŶ ůĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ƉĂƌĞĐĞ ƐĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞ
ĂƉƌŽƉŝĂĚĂ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ ůĂ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂͬ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐŝĂů ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ĞůŵŝƐŵŽƋƵĞƟĞŶĞƵŶůĞŐĂĚŽ
ŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐŽ LJ ƵŶĂ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĂŶƚĞƐĐĂ ĞŶ Ğů
ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ͘>ĂƐŝŶĐĞƌƟĚƵŵďƌĞƐ
ĞŶĚĠŵŝĐĂƐLJĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐƐŽďƌĞůŽƐƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ
ŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ LJ ůŽƐ ƌďŝƚƌĂũĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŽƌͲƐƚĂĚŽ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ĐƌĞĂŶ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐŝŽ
ƉĂƌĂĞƐƚĂŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ͘ŵĂLJŽƌĂďƵŶĚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ͕
ŶƵŵĞƌŽƐĂƐĨƵĞŶƚĞƐĚĞĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŽƐ ĐĂŵƉŽƐƋƵĞ ǀĂŶĚĞƐĚĞ
los Derechos Humanos a la Protección de
/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ ŚĂŶ ĂĚŽƉƚĂĚŽ
de alguna u otra forma el concepto de
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ƉĞƌŽ ŶƵŶĐĂůŽ ŚĂŶ ĞůĞǀĂĚŽĂů
statusŶŽƌŵĂƟǀŽ ŽĚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘ >Ă ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ
ƉƌŝǀĂƟǀĂ ĚĞůŝŶĞĂ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉſƐŝƚŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞů ƉƌŝŵĞƌƉĂƐŽ ŚĂĐŝĂĞů ĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽ
ĚĞ ĐŽŵƉƌŝŵŝƌ ĚŽƐ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌşĂƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůĞƐ͕
ĂŵďĂƐƋƵĞƐƵƌŐĞŶ ĚĞůƵƐŽŐĞŶĞƌĂůad hoc de
ůĂƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ĐŽŵŽƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ ƋƵĞĂƉĂƌĞĐĞ
ĞŶ ůĂƐ ĨƵĞŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘
ƌďŝƚƌŽƐ͕ũƵĞĐĞƐ͕ LJĚĞŵĄƐ ĂĐƚŽƌĞƐĚĞů ĐĂŵƉŽ
ůĞŐĂů ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ůůĞŐĂƌ Ă ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůŽŐƌĂŶ
ƵŶĂ ŵĂLJŽƌ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵŝĚĂĚ LJ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ Ă
ůŽƐ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ ĐŽŵŽ
ůŽƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ZĞŐůĂƐ /͕ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ
ŽƚƌĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ĚĞũĂƌ ĚĞ ůĂĚŽ ůĂƐ
ŝŶĚĞĮŶŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ĐĂŵƉŽ ƋƵĞ Ăů ĮŶĂů
ĚĞů ĚşĂ ƟĞŶĞŶ ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂƐ ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐĞŶ ůĂ
ƌĞƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ͘
/ƌſŶŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ Ğů ƵƐŽ ŚĂďŝƚƵĂů ĚĞ ůĂ ƉĂůĂďƌĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ Ğů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ ĚĞů ĞƌĞĐŚŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů ĞƐ ŵĞŶŽƐ ƋƵĞ ĐůĂƌŽ͘ ^Ƶ
ƉƌŽƉŝĂ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ ĐŽŶůůĞǀĂ Ă ƉƌŽƉŽƌĐŝŽŶĂƌ
ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ ƚĞſƌŝĐĂ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ
ŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĂƌ ƵŶĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂƵŶŝĨŽƌŵĞ LJ ĚĞ
ĂƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶƉƌĄĐƟĐĂ͘

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