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Entre mangos y oro: reformando el sistema de propiedad de los minerales

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Vincent
AutorEnrique Pasquel Rodriguez
Páginas189-210
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Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
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Reforming the mineral ownership system in Perú”. La traducción fue realizada por Camilo Clavijo Jave,
miembro de la Comisión de Contenido de THEMIS y por Marco Ismael Zaldívar Chauca, miembro del Consejo
Directivo de THEMIS.
** Abogado. Master of Law (LL.M) por la Universidad de Yale.
,NBLB>K::@K:=><>K::KHE-HL>/AHF:L(>KKBEE)H:A(>>LLBG@R:EHLI:KMBL=>E/!21""*&+/
de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Yale por sus comentarios. También quisiera agradecer
a Enrique Ghersi, quien fue la primera persona a quien escuché discutir la importancia de privatizar los
minerales del subsuelo en los países pobres.
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192
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Un buen resumen de la legislación minera se puede encontrar en Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo
y Energía. Perú. Manual de Inversión Minera. En: PPPIKHBGO>KLBHG@H;I>->IHLBMHKBH+.% -
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193
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
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11 Muchas personas piensas, erróneamente, que esta es una característica de los sistemas jurídicos de
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del Derecho Civil) tenía el principio de que el dueño de la tierra era el dueño de lo que estaba debajo de ella,
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12 ALDANA RIVERA, Susana. “La Crisis y el Derrumbe Minero. Siglo XVII”. En: Historia de la minería en el Perú.
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13 En el Perú, las víctimas del trabajo forzoso de la minería eran, principalmente, gente de los Andes. Los esclavos
fueron traídos por la Corona Española, pero por lo general fueron asignados a trabajar en la agricultura en la
costa. Los esclavos africanos no estaban acostumbrados a los rigores del clima de los Andes, por lo que los
>LI:]HE>L=>LKB>KHGJN>EHLFWLBG=B<: class="_ _0">MK:;:C:K:EE\>K:GEHLIH;E:=HK>L:G=BGHL
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 Incluso el camino a la mina era tan arriesgado que los sacerdotes españoles enviaban a los indígenas a
confesarse antes de ir a la mina en caso murieran en plena ruta. O’ PHELAN, Scarlett. “La Minería del Siglo
31$$$l G#BLMHKB:=>E:FBG>K\:>G>E+>K`%HLZGMHGBH=>ENLMHNMANK;NKN>=I
 DE LA PUENTE, José. “La Minería en el Siglo XVII. Aspectos Institucionales”. En: Historia de la minería en el
+>K`%HLZGMHGBH=>ENLMHNMANK;NKN>=I
17 $;\=E@HLBFBE:K H HMKHL I:\L>LLN=:F>KB<:ghl class="_ _1"> G >GE: ->I`;EB<:> E:"K:G HEHF;B:
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promulgó un decreto que establecía que todas las minas que anteriormente pertenecían a la Corona se
convertían en propiedad de la República, con la prerrogativa que le concede los ciudadanos. Según el
decreto, la propiedad estatal era la mejor manera de promover la minería. Luego de la disolución de la
Gran Colombia en 1831, las nuevas repúblicas heredaron ese marco jurídico. MORA CONTRERAS, Jesús.
“El Derecho de Propiedad de los Hidrocarburos en Venezuela: Origen y Tradición Jurídica”. En: Revista
1>G>SHE:G:=> GL1HENF>GII
18 -$5*+/-s)*4')+:NEk':FBG>K\:>GMK>Rl G#BLMHKB:=>E:FBG>K\: >G>E+>K`%HLZ
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 M. YEATTS, Guillermo.“Subsurface Wealth. The Struggle for Privatization in Argentina. The Foundation for
%# $* # # # $$%!# ! $#$
194
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
"A4%<9"4A'A&'"C:"[A'
%<:c:j>"1"&"A>
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;$,(+()*#()(+*4%2#%)#(*8-/(+*2-4+(*&%*,)/$2#+,%*
9#A39>'':'8'@J^'2'%2B'
8@39'@ &'8" '>J$83%"[8"93:'@4"
'@"8""%CL3&"&'%<: class="_ _0">?I'9#A%<:b class="_ _0">$I4"
%&*#(2-+-*814&,"-215
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(28%>-&(2* B$(+-)* +(('8&%A%/-2* 8-+*
B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2* 7* #(++%#(),()#(25*
W-'%4%)*&-2* ',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"-)#+%4%)*
': 8"A C'@@"A &' 8I'$8
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A3&8
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20 GHERSI, Enrique. “La propiedad del subsuelo”.
21 " -'1%HL>IAk(BG>K\:>GE:$G=>I>G=>GFIK:G:->I`;EB<: g>E:
FBG>K\:>G>E+>K`%HLZGMHGBH=>ENLMHNMANK;NKN>=
22 Una manera popular de contratar trabajadores para la minería fue el “enganche”, donde los reclutadores iban
a las comunidades para reclutar gente para reclutar en las minas. Muchos historiadores han descrito estos
contactos, en los que los reclutadores y los propietarios de las minas se aprovechaban de la desinformación
de los campesinos para hacerlos trabajar en condiciones terribles y con retribuciones que no eran seguras.
-$5*+/-s)*4')+:NEk':(BG>K\:>GMK>Rl G#BLMHKB:=>E:FBG>K\: >G>E+>K`%HLZ
GMHGBH=>ENLMHNMANK;NKN>=II!'*- .(-$)%HLZk(BG>K\:HEHGB:ERHRNGMNK:
(NG=B:E+>K` l>GMKH +>KN:GH=> #BLMHKB: II.>@`G !EHK>L>LMH ?N>
reconocido por los propietarios de las minas, que afectados por estas condiciones trataron de encontrar
LHENL>G>EHG@K>LH):E:$G=NLMKB:(BG>K:=>$;\=I
23 ': GHO>E: => 1:EE>CH>L M:F;BZG NG F:GBo>LMH B=>HE^@BLLINZL => K>@K>L:K => (HL
BGpN>GEF:KQBLFHJN>L>O>K>p>C:=H>G>EF>GL:C>:GMB<:ibm:eblm:>KB:EBLM:=>E:GHO>E:
 1'' %*>L:Kk E/NG@LM>GH+:l.MHKH
%B$#/7156,.//4/-023
195
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
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