El control de fusiones económicas o de cómo existe aún el arte de mantener el equilibrio

AutorDiego Carrillo Purin
Páginas27-53
Diego E. Carrillo Purin
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THEMIS 61
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El presente artículo ha sido elaborado a propósito de la tesis de bachiller titulada “El moderno control de
fusiones económicas en la defensa de la libre competencia. Una necesaria revisión de los argumentos que se
oponen a su implementación en el Perú”, sustentada por el autor en septiembre del 2011. El autor agradece
los invalorables comentarios de María José Higueras Chicot (Ex miembro del Consejo Directivo de THEMIS)
realizados al presente trabajo. Cualquier error u omisión remanente es responsabilidad del autor.
** Extracto del discurso pronunciado por Joaquín Almunia, Vicepresidente de la Comisión Europea, responsable
de la política de competencia, titulado “The past and the future of merger control in the EU”. Bruselas. 28 de
Septiembre del 2010.
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1 FURSE, Mark. “The Law of Merger Control in the EC and the UK”. Prefacio. Oregon: Hart Publishing. 2007.
2 ->FHLJN> :oG>L =>E => E:F:GH =>NG: IKHIN>LM:IKHFHOB=: IHK>E $GLMBMNMH): =>
Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual – INDECOPI, se discutió sin éxito
la promulgación de un proyecto de ley que pretendió la incorporación del control de fusiones en nuestra
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impulso del Congresista de la República Jaime Delgado Zegarra, se ha diseñado un nuevo proyecto de ley
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3 El ejemplo, aunque adaptado considerablemente a nuestra materia, fue tomado del profesor Viktor Vanberg
(Universidad de Freiburg – Walter Eucken Institut).
Diego E. Carrillo Purin
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ZI#8'A'8$"8":%'':B@'8
')'%B
8"%<9>'B':%3"')'%CL"Y
ZI#8'A'89'@%"&
?I'>
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!"
#$
!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'(),+!"#$%&'()-+
:'1"CL<
>
 %# &$ $ >$ > )$%?#%%#"&#
30
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
))M, N
(.%(#%&"'()*%,!'"',#+,-#"#(=.,
M
<9@39'@" >@'1I:B" ?I' &'$'
%42-&:(+*$)%*%3()",%*/(*"-'8(#()",%*"-)2,2#(*
()* /(#(+',)%+* 2,* &%* -8(+%",.)* 8+(2()#%* &-2*
(&('()#-2* )("(2%+,-2* 8%+%* "-)2,/(+%+&%* $)%*
%<: class="_ _2">%3=:'%<: class="_ _2">%">"@"'8'@'%2"
<9>'B':%3"^?I4[>"@"3&':C+%"@I:"%B
)IA3=:'%<: class="_ _2">':%<: class="_ _2">h3iG9,HBNAE8,
%'%#>C7\O[h33iG9,HBNAE8,;G>B;<>8@*%'4-2*()*
@'8"%3=:"8 %<:b i:>'C&[ 8
@'AI8B"':I:"9"%3=:':8"'AB@I%BI@"&'
/(#(+',)%/-*'(+"%/-5
 4".7 %'%#>C7 $%3 #75=;73^ N3AB' I:"
"-)/,",.)*,)/,28()2%4&(*8%+%*"-)2,/(+%+*%* $)*
"%I'@& >@''N3AB':%3"&'I:"
+(&%",.)*/(* "-'8(#()",%*()#+(* &%2* ('8+(2%2*
%&*(=("$#%+2(* &%*-8(+%",.)* /(* "-)"()#+%",.)5*
?I4 'A JC8 %<:a3 i:>
%"(8",-)(2* '?2* 3()(+%&(2* 7* %"(+#%/%2* /(*
$)%*('8+(2%*()*#K+',)-2*/(* "-'8(#()",%*(2*
(&*"-)2,/(+%+&%* "-'-*$)%* $),/%/* ("-).',"%*
3:&'>':&3':B'&'8@'ABAIA%<9>'C&
&-* ;$(@* )-* -"$++(* ()* %;$(&&-2* "%2-2* ()* ;$(*
K2#%* 2(* ()"$()#+%* %3&-'(+%/%*()* $)* 3+$8-*
%<:b>'@A<:>
$2$%&'()#(* &%2* /()-',)%/%2* ('8+(2%2*
/#)1(%2* ()* "$7-*2()-* 2(* (=(+"(* &%* %$#-+,/%/*
/(",2-+,%* /(* "%/%* ('8+(2%* ()* ,)#(+K2* /(&*
3+$8-* ()* 2$* "-)=$)#-5* C&&-* /(#(+',)%* ;$(*
>"@" '8 '@'%2'B':%3"[ 8"A
('8+(2%2*4%=-*(&*"-)#+-&*/(*$)%*/#)1(%2*2(%)*
"-)2,/(+%/%2*"-'-*$)%*1),"%*('8+(2%5
0-+*(=('8&-@* 2,*/-2* ('8+(2%2@*L!N*7*LUN* ;$(*
B-+'%)*8%+#(*/(&*3+$8-*('8+(2%+,%&*"-)-",/-*
"-'-* LC&* %4("(/%+,-N* =$)#-* "-)*-#+%2* ",)"-*
'9>@'A"Ahbc[bc[bc[bc Obci[B<9": 8"
/(",2,.)*/(*B$2,-)%+2(@*(&&-*)-*8+-/$",+?*'?2*
;$(* $)%* +((2#+$"#$+%",.)* ,)#(+)%*/(&* 3+$8-*
'%<: i: a39>8' <>'@"%3=: 3:B@"e
3+$8-@*%*&%*"$%&*2(+?*%=()%*&%*%8&,"%",.)*/(*&%2*
: %<:b class="_ _0"> )IA3<: class="_ _0"> 3938"@'A '8
"%2-*()* (&*;$(* $)%* ('8+(2%*/(",/(* %/;$,+,+*
-#+%* ;$(* ,)#(3+%* $)* '(+"%/-*()* (&* ;$(* )-*
>"@C%3>" '8 3:L'@A3<:3ab>@'L3"9':B'[ A'"
/,+("#%*-*,)/,+("#%'()#(@*()* "$7-*"%2-*)-*2(*
>@'B':%3"
')'%CL"'N3AB':B'O[>
/(&*%)?&,2,2*/(&*"-)#+-&*/(*B$2,-)(25
'"884?I'>"9>"@"?I'I:"
-8(+%",.)* /(* B$2,.)* ()#+(* ('8+(2%2* 8$(/%*
>@3@ I:')'%CL<8 ':B@'
8"A 93A9"A h1':'@":&" 93=:
&' 8" 'AB@I%BI@"&'8 9'@%"&<i[ 8" "1':%3" &'
%<9>'B':%3"&'$'@#%<:ab class="_ _2">"B"@8"'N3AB':%3" &'
$)%* +(/$"",.)* ()* &%2* +(3&%2* /(* "-'8(#()",%*
'N3AB':B'A[ 8< ?I' A' >@I%' A3 'N3AB'
8+(:,%'()#(*$)%*,)/(8()/()",%*()#+(*&%2*8%+#(2*
?I'>"@C%3>":':8"<>'@"%3=:&'%<: class="_ _2">@"%3=:
h'A &'%3@[ 8" 'N3AB':%3" &' I:" "IB<:>
/(",2-+,%*/(*$)%*('8+(2%*()*+(&%",.)*%&*+(2#-*/(*
'9>@'A"A?I'>"@C%3>":':8"<>'@"%3=:i^
I-* ",(+#-* (2* ;$(@* '?2* %&&?* /(&* ():--+,-*
6I@4&3%" <>'@"%3=: &'$' >@
9"@"
8-/(+*"-)2,/(+%+2(*"-'-* $)*%"#-*2$=(#-*%*$)*
8+-"(/,',()#-*/(*"-)#+-&*/(*"-)"()#+%",-)(27@*
8I'&' ':B':&'@A' ': "@9<:4 class="_ _2">" %<:>
'8 >@3:%3>3 >@39"%4" &' 8" @'"83&"& ?I'
/(#(+',)%*&%*8+((',)()",%*/(*&%*+(%&*)%#$+%&(A%*
&'8"A%<: class="_ _2">"A3:L'AC1"&"A"B':&3':&
2,#$%",-)(2*("-).',"%2*2$47%"()#(285
Dicho criterio ha sido correctamente aplicado por la Comisión de Defensa de la Libre Competencia del
INDECOPI en el procedimiento administrativo de autorización previa de una operación de concentración en
el mercado eléctrico presentada por Electro Sur Este S.A.A. – ELSE que consistiría en la transferencia en
propiedad de la Central Hidroeléctrica Hercca de la Empresa de Generación Eléctrica Machupicchu S.A. –
EGEMSA a su favor, según un Acuerdo de Directorio del Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento de la Actividad
FIK>L:KB:E =>E LM:=H j !*)!  ->LHEN '$) *+$ => ?>  => GHOB>F;K>
Diego E. Carrillo Purin
%B$#/7156,.//4/-023
31
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
(BNAE8,S<>NB9<9D865*V)* "+,#(+,-*
"&3%3<: class="_ _2">"8 >"@" %<:A3&'@"@ 8" %<: class="_ _2">"%3=: &'
$)*%"#-* /(* "-)"()#+%",.)* ("-).',"%* "-)2,2#(*
()* (&* 3+%/-* /(* 8(+'%)()",%* -* /$+%4,&,/%/*
/(* &%* -8(+%",.)5* 0%+%* (&&-@* &%2* %3()",%2* /(*
%<9>'B':%3" &'$': ">@'%3"@ '8 >'@4 &'
$),.)*('8+(2%+,%&@*8+(2#%)/-*(28(",%&*%#()",.)*
"8"A%"@"%B'@4AC%"A&'8A'%B:=93%"A
;$(*2(*8+-/$"(*7*&-2*B$)/%'()#-2*()*&-2*"$%&(2*
2(*4%2.*&%*/(",2,.)*/(*"-)"()#+%",.)5*
P42#%* /(",+* ;$(* )-* +(2$%* $)* 8+-4&('%*
/(#(+',)%+*(&&-* 2,*)-2* ()"-)#+%'-2*B+()#(* %*
"%2-2*()*;$(*&%*$),.)*2(*8+-/$"(*"-)* (B("#-2*
>'@9":':B'A h%<9
8" )IA3=: A
>"@C%I8"@9':B'@'8'L":B'':8?I'
/,"
>8"P
>"@C%3>"%3=:["83":P"A'AB@"B(13%"A8"AB<9"A
&'%<:b>@'A"i^
: @'AI93&"A %I':B"A[ >
;$(* $)%* "-)"()#+%",.)* ("-).',"%* /(4(*
()#()/(+2(* "-'-* %;$(&&%* $),.)* ()#+(*
('8+(2%2* ;$(* 8(+',#(* %* %&3$)%* /(* K2#%2*
(=(+"(+* /(* B-+'%* 8(+'%)()#(* $)%* )$(:%*
3:/I':%3"&'%3A
,)/(8()/,()#(25*S('-2*;$(*2(*#+%#%*()#-)"(2*
&'I: %<:>B ?I'6I@4&3%
f&' "884 :I'AB@" %<:c:j b>
("-).',"%N* -* L"-)"()#+%",.)*("-).',"%N* 7*
)-*2,'8&('()#(*%*LB$2,.)N*-*L"-)"()#+%",.)N5
'M, N5 :A& #.;#A5<= 5#. 9;7$A#%
G9B,H89H<9D>BHEO9,SB>B,<6,-<>
3 749%=%5#. M
%"#-*/(* "-)"()#+%",.)* ("-).',"%* "-'-* 2-)*
'8%"9$3O&I@"&'@
/(&* '(+"%/-@* 2(* 8+(2()#%)* ()* &%* +(%&,/%/*
$"6 %"@"%B'@4AC%"AO %3@%I:AB":%3"A
>"@C%I8"@'A^2 A3 $3':"8 '@'%2 8"
<9>'B':%3" 8' 3:B'@'A" 9#A 8" :"BI@"8'P"
("-).',"%* /(* "%/%* -8(+%",.)* ;$(* 2$*
%<:b class="_ _0"> ?I'">"@C@&'
'AB @'8"%3<: class="_ _0"> '@'%2
>@<>3"A &' 8"A &3AC:B"A %8"A'A &' I:3<:>
'9>@'A"@3"8'A[ %<9
'9>@'A"A":B'@3 3:&'>':&3':B'A\h33i
%/;$,2,",.)*/(*"-)#+-&*/(*8%+#(* -*&%*#-#%&,/%/*
&'I:"'9>@'A"\h333i%@'"%3=:&'I:"'9>@'A"
':%<9J:\O[h3Li%<9>@"&'"%CL
(89H<9D>BHEO9, ;<:b: b9d>E8>N<9D
E9;^ ?I4 '8 '@'%2
<9>'B':%3" A' ">
#+%/,",-)%&* 7* "-)-",/-* "-)"(8#-* /(* B$2,.)*
': '8 '@'%2
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-* '?2* 2-",(/%/(2* 2(* +(1)()* 8%+%* B-+'%+*
$)%* 2-&%@* 2,('8+(* 7* "$%)/-* 2(* "$'8&%)* &-2*
+(;$,2,#-2* 8+(2"+,#-2* 8-+* &(7* 7* (2#%#$#-2*
&' 8"@C%3>":B'A[ %<:>
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8" >'@A<: i:>
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/(* &%* B$2,.)* 2-",(#%+,%* &%* "-):,(+#(* ()* &%*
'N>@'A3=: 9#A %<9>8'B" &' 8" >@#%C%"
6I@4&3%@'A"@3"8 ?I' >'@93B' "8%":P"@
$)%* "-)"()#+%",.)* ()#+(* ('8+(2%2* 8$(2*
&'A">"@'%' 8" >'@A<:>
'()-2*$)%* /(* (&&%2*-+,3,)?)/-2(* $)%*)$(:%*
$),/%/*("-).',"%10@*&-*;$(@*,)(:,#%4&('()#(@*
 %# &$ $ >$ > )$%?#%%#"&#
32
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
@'&I%'8"%<9>'B':%3"')'%CL"':'89'@%"&
A3'9>@' ?I' 2"O" 'N3AC&':&':%3"
("-).',"%*7* +(&%",.)*/(*"-'8(#()",%* 8+(:,%*
':B@' 8"A '9>@'A"A ?I' >"@C%3>": &' 8"
-8(+%",.)5
!
$)%*B$2,.)*+(2$%* '%+"%/%'()#(*B-+'%&,2#%@*
'8 '@'%2'B':%3"2" "&<>B"&
I: %<:>B83"@" AIA ><84C%"A
&' %<:b class="_ _0"> ?I'[
"-)",4(*%* &%*B$2,.)* "-'-* $)* '?2*%&&?*
&'8" 9'@") 6I@4&3%"IC83P"&" >"@"
,)#(3+%+* %* /-2* -* '?2* ('8+(2%2@*%&"%)A%)/-*
'%7-+* +(&(:%)",%* &%* +(%&,/%/* ("-).',"%*
2$47%"()#(*()*"%/%*-8(+%",.)5
/(* &,4+(* "-'8(#()",%*
'()",.)*%* ;$(* (&* %"#-* /(* B$2,.)* ("-).',"%*
2(*8+-/$"(* ()#+(*/-2* -*'?2*('8+(2%2* %)#(2*
,)/(8()/,()#(211[ >'@93C':&
2$2* B+-)#(+%2*%* &-2* "%2-2* ()* &-2* ;$(* %1)* 2,)*
8+-/$",+2(* $)%* #+%)2B(+()",%* 8%#+,'-),%&*
O 'NB3:% 3=: &' 8" >'@A <: class="_ _0"> @4&3%"
9+(;$,2,#-2* /(* $)%* B$2,.)* 2-",(#%+,%9@* &%*
"-'4,)%",.)*/(*B%"#-+(2*:,)"$&%/-2*"-)*"%/%*
('8+(2%*,)/(8()/,()#(*8$(/(*-"%2,-)%+*$)%*
:I'L"J:3%"':C&"&'%<: class="ff7 fs7 ws12 v1">125*
!*'%)(+%*/(*(=('8&-@*#()('-2*%*&-2*"%2-2*()*
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>I'A ': 8" >@#%C%" &3%2" +1I@" >'@93B'
A >@<>3"A&'I:")IA3=:
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&'$'":"83P"@A' >"@C%I8"@9':B''8 %<:>B
&'%<:b class="_ _0"> : :I'AB@"4A[ 'N3AB':&3L'@A"A
+(3$&%",-)(2* 2("#-+,%&(2 ?I' &'+:': 8"A
%"@"%B'@4AC%"A &' 8" B<9" &' %<:b h>
84:'"A1':'@"8'A[ 2"O%<:b class="_ _0"> &3@'%B
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0-+*2$*8%+#(@*&%2* )-+'%2*2-",(#%+,%2*8(+$%)%2*
::" &'+:3%3=: >@'%3A" A
%/;$,2,",.)*/(* "-)#+-&* /(*$)%* ('8+(2%5* C&&-*
y ELÍAS LAROZA, Enrique. “Derecho Societario Peruano. La Ley General de Sociedades del Perú”. Trujillo:
)HKF:L'>@:E>LI
11 A manera de referencia podemos apreciar lo establecido en el numeral 1 del Artículo 3 del Reglamento
LH;K>>EE:LGMK:L>GMK>>FIK>L:L=>E:0GB^G NKHI>:
 kKM\
 .>>GM>G=>KWJN>L>IKH=N<> NG:GMK:G@:EN@:KNG <:f>KH=>E
consecuencia de:
 :':?NLB^G=>=HLHFWL>FIK>L:LHI:KM>L=>>FIK>L:L:GM>KBHKF>GM>BG=>I>G=B>GM>Lil
12 FURSE, Mark. Op. cit. p. 82.
13 Existen distintas razones por las cuales una empresa puede decidir llevar a cabo una desinversión, por
ejemplo, ésta puede tener por objeto el concentrar los recursos empresariales en el núcleo de negocio
al deshacerse de las partes poco rentables o que no logran alcanzar las expectativas de desempeño.
.0-.)(+.k':>L>GE:L?NLBHG>LR:=JNBLBLl(ZQB+K>GMB<>#:EE#BLI:GHF>KB<:g:>
.IIR
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Económicos.
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Para efectos del presente reglamento, se considera control la capacidad de dirigir la administración de la
persona jurídica. Salvo prueba en contrario, se presume la existencia de control en los siguientes casos:
Diego E. Carrillo Purin
%B$#/7156,.//4/-023
33
Revista de Derecho
THEMIS 61
2(* /(4(* 8+-4%4&('()#(* %* ;$(*K2#%* 2(* /(4(*
3:B'@>@'B"@ ">"@C@&' 8"@#9'B@
94:39%'A"@3"@"8"B<9"&'&'%3A3<:>
"-'-* 2-)* &%2* +(3&%2* /(* ;$.+$'* 8%+%* &%*
,)2#%&%",.)*/(* &%*=$)#%*3()(+%&*-*(&*8-+"()#%=(*
/(*:-#-2*8%+%*&%*%/-8",.)*/(* &-2*%"$(+/-2@*&-*
?I'%<9
2-4+(*%2$)#-2*/(*%%*+(&(:%)",%*"-++(28-)/(*%*
8"9"O&'8"A"%%3<: class="_ _2">%@3B"A&'
&'@'%2=:i^
"$' &'%3@ ?I' A3 $3': 8"@#9'B@
/(* "-'8(#()",%* 8(+$%)%* /(#(+',)%+* ;$(*
$)%*8(+2-)%* ;$(* -2#()#%*&%* 8+-8,(/%/*2-4+(*
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&'8&'@'%2
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/(* &%2* )-+'%2* (2#%#$#%+,%2* (2#%4&(",/%2* ()*
%"&" A[ 8"A %I"8'A >
8" %">"%3&"& &' 3:/I':%3" &' 39>":B'A
"%%3<:3ab class="_ _2"> h>8
$)%* 2-",(/%/*;$(* 8%+%* %/-8#%+* $)* %"$(+/-*
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&%2*%"",-)(2*2$2"+,#%2*"-)* /(+("
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:B@<8%<:6i:b class="_ _2">'8"93A9"[
8$(2* +(;$(+,+?* /(&* %8-7-* /(*-#+-* %"",-),2#%*
>"@""&<>B"@L#83&"9':B'&3%2
2"@" '8 '@'%2'B':%3"
$)%*8(+2-)%*%/;$,(+(*(&*"-)#+-&*/(*8%+#(*-*&%*
#-#%&,/%/*/(*$)%*('8+(2%*/(2/(* (&*'-'()#-*
':?I' >I'&''6'@%'@I:"3:/I':%3" &'%3A3L"
2-4+(* 2$2* )(3-",-2@* 2,()/-* /(#(+',)%)#(* (&*
39>"@" "&?I3@3@
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':%<:b i: l3a>
("-).',"-2@* 2,)* 8(+=$,",-* /(&*
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"%/%*-8(+%",.)*/(*B$2,.)*2,+:%)*/(*8,2#%*,),",%&*
8%+%*+("-)-"(+*&-2*(B("#-2*("-).',"-2*;$(*2(*
8+-/$",+?)*()*&%*+(%&,/%/5
A "A4 ?I' '8 %<:b>I'&' >@'A':B"@A'':
&[%I":&
'6'@%3& I:" A<8">'@A<: class="_ _0"> h>8
&%* "-'8+%* /(* $)%* 8%+#(* "-)2,/(+%4&(* /(&*
%"",-)%+,%/-* ;$(* -#-+3%* %&* %/;$,+,()#(* (&*
/(+("
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>'@A<: class="_ _0"> h>8 8"AIA%@3>%3=:
/(* $)* +##)(%23 !2,00=0%& ?I' %<:>
%/-8#%+* &%2* /(",2,-)(2* 2-4+(* &%* (2#+%#(3,%*
%<9'@%3"8i^&3)'@':%3"&'8%<:b>
':'8%<:b>
&&(3%+@*%&*'()-2@*%* $)%*2,#$%",.)*/(* 4&-;$(-@*
 :N:G=H:MK:OZL=>E:IKHIB>=:==BK>HBG=BK>:<LNLN?KNG=:o=>B
HLBFBE:K>L:K=HLKHMKH:IN>=>G>C>K<>KFWL=>E:FBM:=
de los derechos de voto en la junta general de accionistas de dicha persona jurídica, salvo que en la misma
persona jurídica un tercero se encuentre en la situación prevista en el inciso b) siguiente. b) Cuando sin
FWL=>E: FBM:==> EHL=>K> OHMH>G E:CNGM:@>G>K:E =>:< =>=BKLHG:
jurídica, pueden designar o remover a la mayoría de los miembros del directorio.”
Es útil advertir que la norma descrita alude a la capacidad de dirigir la administración de una persona
jurídica, lo cual bajo una interpretación estricta podría involucrar únicamente los actos de administración y no
IK>GM>E:LIHE\MB<:l>KL H=>BGO>KLB^GJN>BGpNR>G>G >EG>@HL>K\:LMBHG:;E>
para el Derecho de la Competencia pues en éste sí es posible un cambio en la estructura de mercado cuando
NGM>K<>KHEH@K:H;M>G>KNG:>LI>GGE:LIHE\MB<:l class="_ _2">KL=>NG:>FIK>L::L\
el grado de competencia que ésta representa en los mercados.
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